What type of man that girls are attracted to?

Kind and helpful men make women feel protected and safe. Friendly men are people who are easy to approach and make others feel comfortable. The reason why there are not so many women are attracted by artist men is because artists are sensitive and inconstant. It's hard to keep a relationship that both side need to be understand. And women always need loyalty from their boyfriends. Beyond good characteristics, men also need talents to attract women. Most women (31 said that men look cool when they play sports, 24% like men who can cook or make handmade things, 17% like men who play music, 13% like singers.But only 2% attracted by men who can make doll dress. Women like healthy men and playing sports Is the best way to show healthy and energetic. And nothing more romantic than eating a meal or receiving a gift made by your own boyfriends. Making dress or hat they were gays. Moreover, background is also a factor that should be mention. According to the result of some surveys that have b een carried out recently, one of the most important women often care about men is about their background: 83% people commit that they often take men's background under consideration while Just only 17% of them say that this is not important.In the past, women used to suffer from discrimination a lot. They were totally dependent on their husband without having any human rights or making decisions of their own. That is why men's background was not taken into inconsideration to women especially in under-developed countries. Apparently, men in today's life also hold different attitude toward the role of women, especially those for whom they are fall in love. It is believed that the track of conquering a girl's heart is a tough one. Not only is appearance critical point but also men's background.According to some recent surveys, women tend to pay attention to three aspects from a guy's background: family, education (occupation) and personality background. Among these criterion, women see m to focus mostly on the education base. From some statistics, 60% of women say a man's knowledge is the critical point in forming his future life, 25% of them care about men's characteristic and the rest want to know more about men's family. It is not strange that girls often have intention of studying about their boyfriends' family during dating stage.They may have questions about guys' parents including their Jobs, personality†¦ There are many people who have their own prejudice toward others. That is why keep dating with a boy whose family members make you feel uncomfortable is annoying. Unlike the old stage in which women do nothing but obey heir men as well as their families completely ,today's society allows women to have the right of choosing the most suitable man for them. The second idea is related to the education background of men. Currently, men are supposed to play the main part in the families.For households which women do not go to work, all of financial issues become men's loads. In case of undergraduate guys, girls need to know about their major, strong as well as weak points. Dating with an intelligent and hard- working boy seems to be more attractive than hanging out with a lazy one. Good man in modern life should also have great personality. This may seem an ambiguous aspect concerning men's background since each individual has his/her own characteristic that tend to be maintained for a whole-life time.According to the researchers, this all makes sense. â€Å"Knowing that someone is persistent, ambitious and sexy, tells you nothing about how that person really is,† comments researcher Paul Ecstatic. â€Å"It makes no sense finding a partner based on personality traits. â€Å"However, the first impression about one's personality is supposed to be the key point for men in appealing women. It cannot be denied that men's personality is revealed most clearly during flirting stage. Modern women have different tastes of men's charac teristic.According to a survey that study about the ideal kind of men and do romantic things for them. To sum up, women living in today's society are much more different from those who belong to the past. Not only there are differences in position in life but also in human rights especially in choosing a suitable individual for them concerning family, education and personality background. Beside family background, women also care about education background of men. Currently, men are supposed to play the main part in the family economy.In he case of undergraduate guys, girls will want to know about their major, their school and how hard they study. Dating with an intelligent and hard-working guy seems to be more attractive than hanging out with a lazy one. That is all about the ideal man of woman. Next, the research is continued with the remaining gender: male. Researchers have conducted a survey on 1500 men, showed them the survey results and asked them what they think about the stu dy. Surprisingly, the majority of this group agree that woman's too much expectation from her man being idealization is risky.By seeing the list of priorities sought by many modern women, it bevels the truth that many of the modern women seeking their men of their liking are not grown much in mental maturity though happened to have possessed much more educational qualifications. Those men said that woman are too influenced by the media and films, thus, they have an unrealistic expectation of themselves or a potential life partner â€Å"Women these days are more demanding, before expecting much from man, its better to ascertain self first† said M. Chine – one from the survey.Consequently, the survey showed the contrast between men and women about the image of the ideal men. While most of women set for themselves those ideal models, he men do not seem to be in agreement with this point of view â€Å"Women these days are more demanding† – said M. Chine The g raph shows the identification of men about women's requirement. The majority of those men(75%) think that women ‘s expectation today is much higher than in the past. Only a few (6%) agree with this data number. 13 percent of those express a neutral opinion. And the 6 percent left strongly protest against the sentiments.Beside men's option, parents also have their own ideal. Unlike Stationmasters women, Asian women are more like to concern about the parents' approval before starting a relationship of marriage. According to Dry Facet, from Bristol University, he said: ‘Parents want all their daughters to end up with the same level of support, so to achieve this they give more to daughters who have less from their partner. ‘But this leads to conflict over mate choice because daughters can afford to choose an unsupported partner in the knowledge their parents will pick up the slack. He added: ‘The conflict over parental choice. ‘ At the time, it's critical that the daughter stop playing defense. There are reasons that make perfect sense to the parents about why the boyfriend is not the right guy for heir daughter and she's not going to be able to change their minds if she is not look at the same perspective and point of views of the parents. As Asian traditional culture, women must Respect the parents even though they don't approve the relationship. The parents have been around for many years and have more experience in relationship department.Also, the parents can evaluate the pros and cons, most of the daughter in the research, they stated that: â€Å"Parents' disapproval is a sign that you should stop your relationship. † Communicating is also one of the best ways to do when there is no approval. Talking o the parents of both sides to ensure that they all understand the situation and personalities of the boyfriend and even girlfriends so that might conduct a better result and changing the parents' approval through the time a s long as the boyfriend's respect to the parents of the women.Graph Explanation: The pie chart illustrates the opinion of 100 ladies at the age from 18-25 years old on the survey question that â€Å"Is parents' approval affected by the first appearance of daughter's boyfriend? † there is 76% of ladies say yes that the first appearance is important factor for her parents' approval on her relationship; while another 24% says their parents don't care about the first appearance. So what should the daughter do when her parents did not approve for the relationship?Graph Explanation: The graph above was a result of 100 ladies' willingness to do when their parents do not approve for the relationship with their mate. There were 67% of ladies stated that communicating and trying to convincing their parents can help for you relationship get better. Another 20% stated that love is much more important than only one approval; therefore, leaving home with the partner is referred choice whil e there are mom of 43% would keep their relationship regardless the parents' approval. Therefore, parents play an important role in their daughter's choice of mate regarding a serious relationship.In Asian family, daughter still must give the authority to the parents to choose the boyfriend. First appearance of the boyfriend is one of the most important factors that affect the relationship; most parents like the standard appearance for their daughter, which is neat, gentle and knowledge gentleman, to ensure the happy life in the future for their daughter. Ill. CONCLUSION: most suitable with them. All of aspects were mentioned this the former part are the most common standard on which the women based to choose the good men. Therefore, they can be read by men so as to help the men succeed in love.

Wood is an important worldwide renewable natural resource.

Chapter 1: Introduction1.0 IntroductionWood is an of import worldwide renewable natural resource. Forests comprise about one-third of the Earth ‘s entire land mass ( 3.4 million km? ) . There are an estimated 12,000 species of trees, each bring forthing a characteristic type of wood. ( International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1995 ) Wood based industry in Malaysia comprises four major bomber sectors. There are sawn timber veneer and panel merchandises, which include plyboard, and other reconstituted panel merchandises such as particleboard, hardboard, or fibreboards, moldings, builders joinery and woodworking, furniture and furniture constituents. The industry is preponderantly owned by Malayan and it is estimated that 80 per cent to 90 per cent of the companies comprise little and average sized constitutions. In Malaysia, furniture makers produce a broad scope of furniture from dining room, sleeping room, kitchen, office, occasional, living room, upholstered furniture or couch, outdoor and garden furniture. In Malaysia wood based industry for furniture and fixtures public presentation, furniture industry is extremely export-oriented with over 90 per cent of its production exported. Malaysia presently ranked as the ten percent largest exporter of furniture in the universe and 2nd in Asia after the People ‘s Republic of China, with exports to more than 160 states. In 2008, exports of wooden furniture amounted to RM 6.8 billion. The chief export finishs were the United States of America, Japan and Australia. The export value is expected to make RM 10 billion by 2010.More than 80 per cent of the furniture exported from kitchen furniture, sleeping room furniture, upholstered with wooden frame, and office furniture are made from gum elastic wood, or Hevea Brasiliensis which is a light colored, medium hardwood popularly called â€Å"Malaysian Oak.† As the demand for exports of furniture additions, so does the production rate additions, and in Malaysia furniture industry, the wellness jeopardy associated with wood dust have yet receive coverage particularly with concern to the wellness of its workers and to the environmental air quality environing it. Wood dust is defined as any wood atoms originating from the processing or handling of forests. Wood dust is generated when lumber is processed, such as when it is chipped, sawed, turned, drilled, or sanded. ( Occupational Safety Health Administration, 1989 ) . Wood dust is normally measured as air-borne atom dust concentration, by atom size distribution, by type of wood, and by other features of wood ( International Agency Research Cancer 1995 ) . Wood dust is used to fix wood coal, as an absorbent for glyceryl trinitrate, as a filler in plastics, and in linoleum and poster board ( Radian. , 1991 ) . Another commercial usage for wood dust is in wood composts ( Weber et al. , 1993 ) .Wood dust occurs in the environment in countries where machinery or tools are used to cut or determine wood. No flash-point informations are available for wood dust. However, wood dust is flammable and will light in the environment. It may show a strong to severe detonation jeopardy if a dust cloud contacts an ignition beginning. Wood dust is stable under normal laboratory conditions. Exposure to wood dust occurs to persons utilize machineries to cut or determine wood. Deposition within the air passages depend on the size, form, and the denseness of the dust atoms and the turbulency and speed of the air flow. ( International Agency Research Cancer 1981 ) . Use of manus held electric smoothers are identified as a peculiarly dusty, which would take to exposure to wood dust. Wood dust concentrations vary with type of dust extraction, sum of wood removed and type of smoother. ( Thorpe and Brown, 1994 ) . Different type of wood will besides bring forth different sum of dust. Hardwood and deal are different in the physical chemical belongingss that leads to the different in the sum of wood produced.1.1 Significance of surveyThe significances of this survey are:To detect the degree of safety and wellness consciousness among the workers of wood working to wood dust.To propose a extenuation attack to minimise the exposure to wood dust through technology control and good ho use maintaining.1.2 Aims of the surveyTo measure the exposure of wood dust concentrations on sanding and routing wood procedures in a Rubber wood furniture mill.To suggest appropriate steps to cut down wood dust emanation in the furniture mill.1.3 Problem statementWood dust is known to be a human carcinogens based on surveies done by Research workers from the Department of Health and Human Services in United States and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH ) proposed 1 mg/m? of eight hr Time Weighted Average value for all wood dust species. In general, exposure to inordinate sum of wood dust is considered to hold an irritant consequence on eyes, nose, and pharynx in add-on to pneumonic map damage. Therefore, the intent of holding a monitoring plan is to measure and supervise the degree of exposure of wood dust to the environing environment and particularly on workers that have historical background or old record of holding any related wellness jeopardies to wood dust.1.4 HypothesissThe hypotheses in this survey are:Entire wood dust concentration and Respirable dust concentration on sanding and routing procedures in furniture industry falls into the standard bound as proposed in Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 by Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia ( DOSH Malaysia ) which is 1 mg/m3.Furniture mill have their ain safety steps taken to cut down the sum of dust emitted by the usage of cyclones and Personal Protective Equipment wore on workers.1.5 Case survey backgroundThe location for this survey is in Muar, Malaysia one of the most concentrated part for furniture fabrication industry and production of Rubberwood furniture ‘s. The mill is situated a t the 4th Lot in Industrial Zone Parit Jamil, where Rubber wood furniture merchandises such as table leg, bed stations, light base are made. The mill itself has 100 workers, chiefly are from Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar.1.6 Limitation of surveyQuestionnaire signifiers that have been distributed are chiefly done in Bahasa Malaysia due to linguistic communication restraint among workers from foreign states such as Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam and Nepal workers in the mill.Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionForests cover about tierce of the universe the Earth ‘s entire land country, about 3.4 million km2.There are 3.5 thousand million M3 of the tree biomass is harvested, about half which is used as fuel, the remainder as sawn wood, pulpwood, and more. ( Gichner. , 1995 ) . There are an estimated 12, 000 species of trees, each bring forthing a characteristic types of wood.2.1 Definition of wood dustOccupational Safety and Health 1989 stated that wood dust is defined as a ny wood atoms originating from the processing or handling of forests. Wood dust is generated when lumber is processed such as when it is chipped, sawed, turned, drilled or sanded. Harmonizing to IARC 1995, Wood dust is known as a light brown or tan hempen pulverization. It has a specific gravitation of 0.56. Most tree species are deciduous tree, hardwood chiefly angiosperms. Merely about 800 species known as deal are Gymnosperms, or cone-bearing species, . ( Bauch. , 1975 )Type of woodThe footings â€Å"hardwood† and â€Å"softwood† does non needfully mention to the hardness of the wood, but to the species. Hardwood is by and large denser compared to softwood, where the denseness varies well within each group. The scientific and common names of some deal and hardwood are compiled in table 1 ( Vaucher. , 1986 ) . Wood dust is besides characterized by its wet content: Dry wood ( moisture content less than approximately 15-20 % ) is less elastic than moist ( green ) wood, and woodworking operations with dry wood consequence in a larger volume of entire dust and a higher per centum of inhalable dust atoms ( Hinds. , 1988 ) .2.2 Occupational exposure to wood dust.Dust exposure occurs in a big figure of woodworking industries, where dust arises from scratch, grinding, screening or blending. Traditionally, wood dust is considered as a nuisance dust, and its inauspicious effects on open workers have merely received attending. ( W.K.Liu et al. , 1985 ) . Harmonizing to Jones and Smith 1986, in this century, veneer- and plastic covered hardboard and fiber-board panels have been used intensively for the industry of cabinets, table tops and similar and hardwood merchandises. Solid hardwoods and hardwood-veneered panels are used for high-quality furniture because of the attractive form formed by their grains. Wood dust exposure occurs in chiefly as an occupational exposure in some industries and businesss. The partial list of open workers includes lumbermans ; sawmill workers, workers involved in the industry of plyboard and other boards, wooden furniture workers and cabinet shapers, workers in the industry of other wood merchandises, and carpenters and joiners in the building industry. Exposure to wood dust has long been associated with a assortment of inauspicious wellness effects, including dermatitis, allergic respiratory effects, mucosal and non allergic respiratory effects, and malignant neoplastic disease. Other symptoms associated with wood dust exposure include oculus annoyance, rhinal waterlessness and obstructor, prolonged colds, and frequent concerns. The type and degree of exposure to wood dust can be described in several ways. A first of import feature is the type of wood ( hardwood, deal ) and tropical wood, or other wood species. Hardwoods are deciduous trees such as oak, beech, calcium hydroxide, ash, birch, poplar, elm, or cherry trees. Softwood is cone-bearing trees, such as fir, spruce or pine. Wood is besides characterized by its wet content, which depends both on the species and on the freshness of the wood. The concentration of airborne dust is by and large measured in mg/m? with standard methods. ( IARC, 1995 ) The atom size is besides an of import parametric quantity, because the deposition form in human upper and lower air-ways partially depends on the atom size. Large atoms ( & gt ; 10 µm ) are about wholly deposited in the olfactory organ. Researchs on wood dust believe that comparatively that few atoms larger than 5 µm, which form most of the wood dust, yesteryear into the lungs every bit far as the clearance mechanism of the olfactory organ is non impaired. The inquiries on whether wood dust or dust from one or several forests contains carcinogens have been raised. There is no clear reply to this inquiry. A really big figure of chemical constituent are present in wood. Cellulose, polyoses, lignin, terpene, terpenoids, fats, waxes and phenolic compounds such as tannic acids, but none is a known carcinogen. ( Leclerc and Luce. , 1998 ) Types of business are straight related to the sum of exposure to wood dust. Lumbermans and sawmill workers are exposed to comparatively big atoms of fresh wood. The average degree of wood dust is by and large lower than 1mg/m3. Wooden furniture industry and cabinet devising involves a big figure of woodworking procedures, such as sawing, planning, come offing, sanding and usage of milling machines that produce wood dust ( Nylander et al. , 1993 ) A assortment of species are used, with predomination of hardwood for high quality furniture manufactured by cabinet shapers, for illustration in Asiatic states. The average size of the atoms may be particularly little, because the forests need to be really dry, which produces really finer atoms and the sanding, is much finer for furniture industries, for aesthetic grounds. There is some grounds that sanding of hardwood can bring forth finer smaller atoms. ( Acheson. , 1976 )2.3 Sanding of wood.Sandpapering is smoothing the surface of wood â €Å"an scratchy procedure in which borders of little, difficult, crystalline atoms are quickly drawn across the surface of the wood, with force per unit area being applied perpendicular to the surface† ( Holliday et al. , 1986 ) . The smaller the scratchy atoms, the finer the dust produced, and the faster the smoother, the greater the sum of dust produced. Sandpapering is the normally used come uping method continuing wood coating ( Williams and Morris. , 1998 ) . The chief aim of sanding is to do surfaces free of seeable defects every bit good as to makes surfaces uniformly absorbent for coatings ( Richter et al. , 1995 ) Sandpapering is done in many wood industries, with little, handheld smoothers to big membranophones or belts for smoothing a full panel. There are few different ways in sanding of wood. The most common are the belt smoother, where a uninterrupted strip of emery paper rotated between two rollers, the disc smoother, where a round piece of emery paper fastened to a revolving disc, the membranophone smoother, where a uninterrupted strap of emery paper rotated on a membranophone, and the orbital smoother, which operates with an egg-shaped, vibrating gesture. Use of manus held electric smoothers has been identified as a peculiarly dust-covered procedure, which would take to exposure to dust. Wood dust concentrations vary with type of dust extraction, sum of wood removed, and type of smoother ( Thorpe and Brown et al. , 1995 ) . For electrical orbital smoothers without built-in dust extraction, entire inhalable or inspirable dust concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 8.01 mg/m3, dust concentrations were reduced 84.3 % to 97.97 % when the smoothers were used with fitted bags. For electric belt smoothers, entire inhalable dust concentrations ranged from 10.2 to 19.8 mg/m3 without built-in dust extraction and were reduced 66.1 % to 93.5 % with bags. For electric orbital smoothers with external dust extraction, entire dust concentrations ranged from 0.022 to 0.739 mg/m3, and respirable dust concentrations ranged from 0.003 to 0.936 mg/m3. Rotary smoothers with external dust extraction produced entire dust concentrations ranged from 0.002 to 0.699 mg/m3, and respirable dust ranged from 0.001 to 0.088 mg/m3. A survey carried out on the dust coevals features of hardwoods during sanding procedure reveals that sum of wood removed during the sanding procedure predetermined dust-generation, although the wood denseness and scratchy grit used played a function. Consequently, low denseness wood species produced higher dust-concentration due o its comparative easiness of sanding, and vice-versa. Different sanding operations will bring forth different sum of dust concentration ( Graham and Ratnasingam.,2007 ) . This is proven by a survey carried on six hardwood species stand foring commercially of import hardwoods use in Malayan wood merchandises fabricating industry selected based on hardness and denseness as in Table 2.1.Hardwood speciesAverage denseness ( kg/m3 )Average hardness ( N )Resak ( Vatica sp. )8707040Balau ( Shorea sp. )8206980Kelat ( Syzygium sp. )6705140Merawan ( Hopea sp. )6405080Rubberwood ( Hevea sp. )5403440Meranti ( Shorea sp. )5303610Table 2.1: Malayan Hardwood species used in wood merchandises fabricating industry. ( Taken from Dust-generation features of hardwoods during sanding procedures ) Ratnasingam et al. , 2009. From the survey conducted, it is shown that the sum of wood removed is the most of import factor finding dust-generation during wood sanding processes. Machine sanding utilizing belt-sanding procedure yielded the highest dust concentrations compared to manus sanding. This is shown by the important alteration in dust concentration shown in Table 2.2 below. .ProcedureDust concentrations ( mg/m3 )Average wood remotion ( gms )Hand sanding197Orbital sanding269Wide belt-sanding4318Edge sanding166.5Stroke sanding3111Brush sanding115.5Table 2.2: Dust concentration at different sanding procedures: Taken from dust-generation features of hardwoods during sanding procedures. by Ratnasingam et al. , 2009. Based on the consequences, about all sanding operations produced dust concentration higher than the standard allowable dust exposure degree of 5mg/m3, proposing that sanding dust control is of import in the furniture fabrication industry, if wellness and safety criterions are traveling to be met ( Graham and Ratnasingam et al. , 2007 ) .2.4 Properties and Toxicity of wood dustWood dust is one of the most common organic dusts workers are exposed to in the furniture fabrication industry. ( Ratnasingam et al. , 2009 ) . Surveies have found that exposure to wood dust can do wellness effects like rhinal mucosa harm, annoyance and Sino-nasal malignant neoplastic disease, while deep lung deposition can take to lung malignant neoplastic disease and impaired respiratory map ( Shamssain. , 1992 ) and ( Mikkelsen. , 2002 ) . Therefore a survey was undertaken to measure air-borne wood dust concentration and its atom size distribution in the Malayan Rubberwood furniture industry, one of the large st wood industry in South East Asia. Sampling periods of 8 hours were undertaken at the routing and hand-sanding work Stationss to find the Time-weighted mean value of wood dust concentration. The mean air-borne dust concentration recorded for routing work station ( 63mg/m3 ) was lower than the sanding work station ( 89 mg/m3 ) . This value was higher than the standard eight hr Time Weighted Average Maximum Exposure Limit for wood dust of 5mg/m3 ( FMR1989, HSE1999 ) , and hence the high air-borne wood dust concentration in the mills poses respiratory-related wellness hazards.In footings of atom size distribution, this survey revealed that less than 25 % of the air-borne dust by weight at the two work Stationss were less than 10 µm. Hence, the emanation during consequences indicate that merely a little part of the air-borne wood dust atom is capable of perforating into the lower parts of respiratory system to do serious wellness jobs. However, this survey besides show that it is due to air-borne wood dust concentration, and non the wood dust atom size distribution that posses serious menaces to the respiratory system of workers in the Rubberwood furniture fabricating mill s. Another survey did carried out was to measure air borne dust emanation ( 0.1-10 µm ) during the routing operation of Rubberwood ( Hevea Brasiliensis ) in the furniture industry in South East Asia. ( Ratnasingam et al. , 2009 ) . The emanation of airborne wood dust during the machining of Rubberwood ( Hevea Brasiliensis ) consequences in increased incidence of respiratory jobs and rhinal malignant neoplastic disease among workers in the South East Asiatic furniture industry ( Anon. , 2008 ) .Rubberwood ( Hevea Brasiliensis ) being the most of import natural stuff for the wooden furniture industry in the South East Asia part, therefore the survey on the consequence of dust emanation during its machining are of import as to set up a benchmark for industrial wellness guideline for the Rubberwood processing industry in this part. The consequences showed airborne dust in the scope of 0.1-10 µm had the most terrible consequence on the wellness of workers. 68 % of the workers confirmed as agony from some respiratory-related jobs after five old ages of drawn-out exposure. The experiments showed that the mean bit thickness has the greatest influence on dust coevals during the routing operation followed by wood wet content and rake angle. It is shown that airborne dust emanation during the routing procedure of Rubberwood could be minimized by aiming an mean bit thickness of 0.1mm, while maintaining the wet content in 12-14 % scope. These should remain as guidelines to minimise the airborne dust emanation, which in bend will cut down the wellness jeopardy posed by airborne dust to workers in Rubberwood furniture mills in South East Asia ( Ratnasingam et al. , 2009 ) .2.5 Human malignant neoplastic disease surveies of wood dustRecent surveies of wood dustIn December 2000, a study by U.S Department of Health and Hum an Services National Toxicity Program entitled â€Å"Report on Carcinogen for Wood Dust† stated in its drumhead statement that Wood dust is known to be a human carcinogen, based on sufficient grounds of carcinogenicity from surveies in worlds. It has been demonstrated through human epidemiologic surveies that exposure to wood dust increases the happening of malignant neoplastic disease of the olfactory organ ( rhinal pits and paranasal fistulas ) . Strong and consistent associations with malignant neoplastic disease of the rhinal pits and paranasal pits were observed both for businesss associated with wood dust exposure and for straight estimated wood dust exposure. Hazards were highest for glandular cancer, and other types of nasal malignant neoplastic diseases ( squamous cell carcinoma of the rhinal pit ) and malignant neoplastic diseases at other sites, including the nasopharynx, the voice box, and Hodgin ‘s disease have been associated with wood dust exposure in several epidemiologic surveies. The function of specific chemical constituents of the wood ( of course happening or exogenously added compounds ) in wood dust-induced carcinogenesis is ill-defined. The particulate nature of wood dust may besides lend to wood dust-associated carcinogenesis since dust generated by wood working typically consists of a high proportion of atoms that are deposited in the nasal cavity.Chronic exposure to wood dust particulates is associated with reduced mucociliary clearance and enhanced inflammatory reactions in the rhinal pit in some surveies in worlds. Additionally, cellular alterations ( metaplasia and dysplasia ) observed in the rhinal mucous membrane of wood workers and laboratory animate beings may stand for preneoplastic provinces. A survey on 4247 adult females employed in a Norse mush and paper factory for at least one twelvemonth between 1920 and 1993, supervising their malignant neoplastic disease incidence from 1953 to 1993, supervising their malignant neoplastic disease incidence from 1952 to 1993. Compared with the national female population, adult females employed for at least three old ages in mush and paper work showed an ovarian malignant neoplastic disease standardized incidence ratio ( SIR ) of 1.6 ( 95 % CI = 1.1 to 2.3, 3.1 instances ) . Elevated SIRs were seen for lung malignant neoplastic disease and multiple myeloma in adult females with less than three old ages exposure, but non for longer exposures. No rhinal malignant neoplastic disease instances occured in the population. Wood dust exposure was non estimated straight, doing dose response hard to measure, and the survey ‘s size limited its power for most results ( Langseth and Anderson et al. , 1999 ) ( Imos et al. , 2000 ) studied 3723 male and 3063 female workers employed at two furniture mills in Estonia from 1946 onward, followed through 1995 for incidence of malignant neoplastic disease. Workers were classified as holding low, medium, , or high strength of exposure based on employment records. Nasal consonant malignant neoplastic diseases were twice every bit common as expected, compared with the national population, but this was based on merely three instances ( all of which occured among extremely open workers. ) The lone significantly elevated hazard rose with strength of exposure among adult females, but non among work forces ; incorporation of a 20-year latency premise stengthened the association. The usage of totl incidence alternatively of mortality, every bit good as consideration of strength of exposure and slowdown effects, were strenghts of this survey. However, the sample size limited the ability to observe elevated hazards of rarer malignant neoplastic diseases. In a survey conducted on genotoxicity of wood dust in a human embryologic lung cell line, utilizing cell civilization technique, a survey on comparative genotoxic activities of two difficult forests ( beech and oak ) and a soft wood ( pine ) a cell civilization with human lung cells. It is learn that among the untreated forests processed in furniture industries, difficult forests, peculiarly beech and oak have been often suspected to incorporate carcinogenic belongingss in their natural components. It has been shown that beech wood infusions induce weak mutants in bacteriums ( McGregor 1982 ; Mothashamipur et al. , 1986 ) , an enhanced figure of atomic abbreations in duodenal crypts of mice ( Mothashamipur and Norpoth. , 1989 ) , micronuclei in rhinal epithelial tissue of rats ( Nelson et al. , 1993 ) , and malignant tumours on mouse tegument ( Mothashamipur et al. , 1989 ) . Although occupational exposure to wood dust is encountered during all phases of wood processing, the comparatively higher hazard of developing malignant neoplastic disease is associated with the increased degree of wood dust in the ambiance ( Mothashamipur et al. , 1989b ) . However, the strongest associations of exposure to wood dust and malignant neoplastic disease development is observed in businesss where merely difficult forests but no additives are used ( Nylander and Dement. , 1993 ) . The consequences of the survey show that extracts of untreated difficult forests cost important chromosomal and chromatid interruptions in embryologic lung cells, but such a phenomenon was non observed with the deal. A farther comparative survey on DNA-strand interrupting effects of hardwoods ( beech, oak ) and a deal ( spruce ) has been done in vitro utilizing rat hepatocytes ( Schmezer et al. , 1994 ) .2.6 Surveies of malignant neoplastic disease in Experimental animate beingsCarcinogenicity o f wood dust and wood additives in rates exposed by long term inspiration.In 1965, Macbeth reported on 20 patients with rhinal glandular cancers in the country of High Wycombe in England, of whom 15 had worked in the furniture industries. Between 1967 and 1972, more elaborate information was provided and in 1969, the tumours were recognized as occupational disease. Numerous epidemiological and toxicological surveies of the carcinogenic consequence of wood dusts were published, which fundamentally confirmed the consequences obtained in England. In 1985, oak and beech wood dusts were classified as carcinogenic to worlds by Senate committee of the German Society for the promotion of Scientific Research ( Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ) in Germany, and other wood dusts as suspected carcinogens. In 1999, hardwood dusts were classified as carcinogenic agents by the Commission of the European Union, on the footing of the IARC categorization of the carcinogenic potency of wood dusts in 199 5. A research undertaking was initiated to measure exposures happening in the wood industry consistently, and to understand better the manner of formation of glandular cancer of the olfactory organ. Epidemiologic surveies were excluded, as the figure of noxious agents was excessively great, and neither employers nor workers know precisely what type of agents were used, although the type and additives such as varnish, discolorations, gums and wood preservatives that are used are known, frequently the pretreatment of the wood is unknown Long-run experiments in which animate beings were exposed to inspiration seemed to be a suited method, provided that the malignant neoplastic diseases observed in worlds could be induced in research lab animate beings under comparable conditions. As the Numberss of agents was excessively big for systematic proving in such experiments, short-run surveies of toxicity and genotoxicity were carried out to function as a footing for the design of long term exper iments. Material used in the survey include Oakwood dust, because it is the most genotoxic of the wood tested ; the genotoxicity was tested with cyclohexane infusions. Wood preservatives incorporating lindane and pentachlorophenol ( PCP ) , because lindane was genotoxic in human nasal cells. Chromate is besides used, which is genotoxic, includes drawn-out rhinal clearance and, when used in wood preservatives, may take to dysplasia. Chromate has often been used in the wood-processing industry, peculiarly as K bichromate in discolorations but besides as a repair agent in wood preservatives A group exposed to N-nitrosodimethylamine ( NDMA ) served as positive controls, because rats exposed to certain nitrosamines are known to develop tumours of the rhinal pit. Exposure and animate being handling were performed harmonizing to the German Law on the Protection of Animals. The exposure tracts of rats to wood dusts and wood preservatives are such that all the coops of all seven experimental groups were rotated daily within their exposure boxes, harmonizing to a strategy documented for each group and twenty-four hours. When all exposed animate beings are considered together, the consequences go even more pronounced. Fatal respiratory piece of land tumours occurred in the five of 155 animate beings exposed to oak wood ( P = 0.08, Fischer trial, when compared with the negative control ) , in five of 102 animate beings exposed to chromate ( P = 0.03 ) and in two of 101 animate beings exposed to lindane and PCP ( P = 0.17 ) while such tumours were non seen in the 96 negative cont rols. These measurings in the terminal do non allow a decision about the extent to which chromate histories for the effects associated with exposure to oak and beech wood dust or for the epidemiologically ascertained regional fluctuations in tumorigenesis. More wood types from different parts will hold to be analyzed for chromate and compared.2.7 Minimizing dust emanation by the usage of tool geometry.Dust created in the machining of wood is a major job in the on the job environment. Minute wood atoms carried through the air make a serious wellness jeopardy, in utmost instances even taking to malignant neoplastic disease. In wood working industries, it has proved a jeopardy to workers wellness, particularly in the signifier of malignant neoplastic disease of the nasal and paranasal fistulas. A sum-up of probes of wood dust and the hazard of malignant neoplastic disease can be found in Nylander and Dement ( 1993 ) , where the writers states that secret agents in the wood working industry face a higher hazard of developing rhinal malignant neoplastic disease, particularly those working with machines that generate wood dust. An experimental survey did by J. Palmqvist et al. , 1999 on the influence of cutting informations and tool geometry in cut downing dust emanations at the beginning, that is at the tip of the tool. Method used on three different wood stuffs such as, pine, beech and fiberboard ( MDF ) . Specimens were processed in a miling machines where it was possible to change the film editing informations. The dust emanations from the tool ( defined here as atoms with a diameter less than 10 µm ) were measured. The parametric quantities altered in the experiments were moisture content of the wood, mean bit thickness, way of provender ( up or down ) and rake angle of the tool. The experiments showed that the mean bit thickness had the greatest influence on the sum of dust created when machining wood and wet content of the wood, a reasonably great influence, and while the way of the provender and and the profligate angle had small or no influence. The consequences show that dust emanations increase quickly when making a certain mean bit thickness. It is hence of import to cipher and command the mean bit thickness in order to minimise the dust emanation between the three wood tested.2.8 Routers and Sanders safety jeopardiesRouters are used for such intents such as cutting and determining cosmetic pieces, doing frame and panel doors, and miling moldings.. The tool-spindle axis is normally perpendicular, but it may be tilted. The operator lowers the caput for machining, and the caput automatically returns to its original place after the cut is made. Operators may be injured from accidental contact with the routing tool when managing stock or taking bit from the tabular array. Kickback is another common beginning of hurt among routers operators. Projections of tools can badly wound or kill router operators. Tools can be flung from the cutter caput if they are ill fastened in the tool holder, if the incorrect tool is used, or if th e tool velocity is excessively high ( A usher for protecting workers from woodworking jeopardies, 1999 ) Router with Adjustable Tool Guard should be used to protect the routers from serious hurt that is caused by crisp instrument in knife vesica. Other that it, equip routers with a spindle braking system that bit by bit engages. In the average clip, some tips on safe work patterns such as properly attach and secure toolsto the holder, and label cutting tool and holders with the maximal allowable spindle velocity. Drum sanders are people who finish stock by utilizing a coated scratchy surface to take stuff. A belt smoother uses a systems of blocks to travel scratchy stuff accross the stock. Either the wood is fed manually or automatically into the machine or the sanding belt is pressed toward the wood, which is located on a working tabular array ( A usher for protecting workers from woodworking jeopardies, 1999 ) . Drum sanders produce quite a considerable measure of all right wood dust. All smoothers should be carefully ventilated. The primary safety jeopardies of belt smoothers us that workers may catch their custodies, vesture or jewellery in the running axial rotations. Safety work patterns should be to replace lacerate, frayed, or exessively worn belts or membranophones. A raddled belt, disc or membranophone can do a monolithic heat buildup, which can do the belt, disc or membranophone to rupture or interrupt and bombard the environing country with its projected spots. It is besides of import to maintain custodies off from scratchy surfaces and sand on the downward-moving side of the disc or belt. . ( A usher for protecting workers from woodworking jeopardies, 1999 ) .Chapter 3: Methodology3.0 Entire dust aggregation utilizing MiniVol Portable Air Sampler.The MiniVol Air Sampler is an ambient air sampling station for particulate affair and non-reactive gas. The patented low flow engineerin g used in MiniVol was developed jointly by the U.S Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) and the Lane Regional Air Pollution Authority in an attempt to turn to the demand for portable air pollution trying engineering. MiniVol gives consequences near about as in mention air quality informations. Both precise and accurate, the battery operated, lightweight MiniVol is ideal for trying at distant countries or station web. The MiniVol can be configured to try for a similar mention station web. In the particulate affair ( PM ) trying manner, air is drawn through a atom size centrifuge and so through a filter medium. Particle size separation is achieved by impaction. Actual volumetric flow must be 5 litres per minute ( 5 L/m ) at ambient conditions. Impactors are available with a 10-micron cut -point ( PM10 ) and a 2.5-micron cut-point ( PM2.5 ) . Operating the sampling station without an impactor allows for aggregation of entire suspended affair ( TSP ) . 2 unit of Minivol is used in this undertaking. Both theoretical account is taken to site and operated at 5 litres per minute. First theoretical account of Minivol is situated sanding country where there were two sanding maestro machine and random orbital sanding procedure is taking topographic point. Second theoretical account of Minivol is situated at country of where routing of wood is taking topographic point. This research was carried out in three hebdomads in the month of November and December 2009. Total suspended atom ( TSP ) was collected in this two station. The location to put the Minivol unit was chosen based on the work processes which produce more dust. First station, in routing procedures, dust produced by the routing machines are coarser and more dust are collected by the pump. In the 2nd station, wood sanding procedure by machines and manus is the work processes that were assessed. Sandpapering utilizing machines are done to smoothen the portion of furniture which is non even or to do the furniture finer in quality which make it a better market value.EquipmentSampler:47-mm PVC, 2-5 µm pore size membrane or tantamount membrane filter and back uping tablet in 47mm cassette filter holder.Minivol Air sampling stationMicrobalance, capable of weighing to 0.001mg.Forceps ( sooner nylon )Preparation of filters.Equilibrate the filters in an environmentally controlled weighing country or chamber for at least 2 hours.Number the backup pads with a ballpen pen and topographic point them, numbered side down, in filter cassette bottom subdivisions.Weight the filters in an environmentally controlled country or chamber. The filter tare weight are record, W1 ( milligram ) .Zero the balance before weighing.Manage the filters with forceps.Assemble the filter in the filter cassettes and close firmly so that the escape around the filter will non happen.SamplingCalibrate each Minivol unit with a representative sampling station in line.Sample at 5 L/min for a entire sample of 10 L. Do non transcend a entire filter burden of about 2 milligrams entire dust.Sample readyingWipe dust from the external surface of the filter cassette with a damp paper towel to minimise taint. Discard the paper towel.Remove the top and bottom stoppers from the filter gently to avoid loss of dust.Calibration and Quality ControlZero the microbalance for weighing. Use the same microbalance for weighing filters before and after sample aggregation.MeasurementWeigh each filter. Record the station sampling weight, W2 ( milligram ) , in the air volume sampled. Record anything singular about the filter paper ( e.g. , overload, escape, wet torn, etc. )Calculations:Calculate the concentration of Entire dust particulate, C ( mg/m3 ) , in the air volume sampled, V ( L ) :C = ( W2-W1 ) ( milligram ) Volt: ( F1 + F2 ) x T V ( L )Time Leaden Average, TWA:Net dust weight ( milligram )=milligramFlow rate ( L/min ) x 0.001 ( m3/L ) ten clip ( min )M33.1 Respirable dust aggregation utilizing Personal Air Sampling Pump ( PASP )Respirable dust is the fraction of the entire dust that enters the gas exchange part of the lungs. 2 unit of personal sampling pump used on two specific workers that have lasting work displacement. The trying pump is worn on the neckband of the workers shirt, and is fastened by a limiter. Sampling pump that was used in this research is from the theoretical account Apex HB 3294-04. It uses an efficient stop pump whose flow rate is exactly maintained utilizing an automatic flow control circuit. The pump draws contaminated air through a sampling caput at a rate determined by the caput design or trying scheme. The Apex was developed to supply trying capablenesss between 5 ml/min and 5 l/min, suited for a broad scope of applications including solvent exhausts, asbestos clearance and personal sampling of dusts. Apex pumps are ideally suited to many of the Total and Respirable dust trying techniques detailed in U.K Health and Safety Executive publication MDHS14, and in other mention methods. The trying pump is operated at 2.2 L/min for Higgins-Dewell cyclone, for 8 hr daily for three hebdomads, from 8am to 5pm, working clip in the mill. The workers are chosen based on the wood processes that they do. The mill does non give its workers revolving occupation mundane, therefore it is easier to try on one individual for the whole twenty-four hours making the same work for an norm of 8 hours. Respirable dust is more of the sum of dust that enters the gas exchange part of the lung, therefore it is a really of import index of how the lung system can be affected by utilizing this instrument.EquipmentSampling station:Filter: 5.0  µm pore size, polyvinyl chloride filter or tantamount hydrophobic membrane filter supported by a cassette filter holderCyclone: 10-mm nylon, Higgins-Dewell ( BGI Inc. , 58 Guinan St. Waltham, MA 02153 ) ( 7 ) or tantamount.Personal Sampling pump, 2.2 L/min + 5 % for HD cyclone with flexible linking tube.Balance, analytical with sensitiveness of 0.001mg.Forceps ( sooner nylon )Environmental chamber or room for balance.Preparation of filters.Equilibrate the filters in an environmentally controlled weighing country or chamber for at least 2 hours.Number the backup pads with a ballpen pen and topographic point them, numbered side down, in filter cassette bottom subdivisions.Weight the filters in an environmentally controlled country or chamber. The fil ter tare weight are record, W1 ( milligram ) .Zero the balance before weighing.Manage the filters with forceps.Assemble the filter in the filter cassettes and close firmly so that the escape around the filter will non happen.Remove the cyclone ‘s grit cap before usage and inspect the cyclone inside. If the interior is visibly scored, fling this cyclone since the dust separation features of the cyclone may be altered. Clean the inside of the cyclone to forestall entrainment of big atoms.Assemble the sampling station caput. Check alliance of filter holder and cyclone in the trying caput to forestall escape.SamplingCalibrate each personal sampling pump to the appropriate flow rate with a representative sampling station in line.Sample 45 min to 8 hr. Make non transcend 5 mg dust lading on the filter.Sample readyingRemove the top and bottom stoppers from the filter cassette. Equilibrate 2 hr in an environment controlled country or chamber.Calibration and Quality ControlWeigh each f ilter. Record this post-sampling weight, W2 ( milligram ) .Calculations:Calculate the concentration of Entire dust particulate, C ( mg/m3 ) , in the air volume sampled, V ( L ) : C = ( W2-W1 ) ( milligram ) Volt: ( F1 + F2 ) x T V ( L )Time Leaden Average, TWA:Net dust weight ( milligram )=milligramFlow rate ( L/min ) x 0.001 ( m3/L ) ten clip ( min )M33.2 Data Analysis.The consequences is analysed utilizing Independent samples T-test on both Total dust value and Respirable dust value. The consequences informations collected for Entire dust and respirable dust in station 1 and station 2 concentration is besides analyzed utilizing Mann-Kendall Trend analysis. Mann-Kendall tendency analysis is a non-parametric trial for indentifying tendency in clip series informations. The trial compares the comparative magnitudes of sample informations instead than the informations values themselves. ( Gilbert. , 1987 ) . One benefit of this trial is that the informations need non conform to any peculiar distribution. Furthermore, informations reported as non-detects can be included by delegating them a common value that is smaller than the smallest mensural value in the information set. The procedurethat will be described i n the subsequent paragraphs assumes that there exists merely one informations valueper clip period. When multiple informations points exist for a individual clip period, the average value is used.3.3 Questionnaire on Occupational exposure to wood dust.The degree of exposure to wood dust is observed through a list of questionnaire to the estimated 30 % of entire workers in the mill. The study was distributed to 30 workers who work for full displacement of 8 working hours for the same everyday work procedures in the mill. Due to linguistic communication barrier among the workers from foreign states such as Bangladesh, Nepal, Vietnam and Indonesia, the questionnaire can merely be used through Bahasa Malaysia as the chief medium. The questionnaire distributed consisted of 3 parts, where first portion covers the personal information ( butir-butir peribadi ) of the workers such as the gender, age, weight, tallness, race and on the job clip. It besides covers on the past business of workers, how long have they work in the current mill and in the yesteryear as good. Separate 2 screens on the past work topographic point status, the environmental scene in which they work, and besides the erosion of Personal Protective Equipment such as mask, safety boots, suited working dress, safety goggles. Part 3 screens their on the job status in their current work topographic point. Same inquiry as proposed to portion 2, but an add-on smoke wont during work clip, and besides current industrial pattern on the cleanliness of dust emanation. A sum of 30 questionnaire were distributed to the workers involved in the mill chosen by choosing workers that are straight involved in this survey, that is routing and sanding procedures. Consequences from respondent are utilizing an analytical tool called Statistical Package for Social Sciences ( SPSS ) version 17.0.3.4 Location of surveyThis survey is carried out in Muar which is The town of Muar is located at 2 °3?N102 °34?E, at the oral cavity of the Muar River. The town is about 150 kilometers ( 93 stat mis ) sou'-east of Malaysia ‘s capitalKuala Lumpur, and about the same distance ( 179 kilometer ) northwest ofSingapore. It is 45km south ofMalacca Town. It is besides 50 kilometers north ofBatu Pahat. Beginning: www.maps.google.com.my Figure 3.1: Location of Muar, Johor. The mill is located at Parit Jamil industrial zone, Muar. There are 100 workers in production line based in the mill, where 60 % are foreign workers coming from Vietnam, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Myanmar and local Malaysian. The mill operates from Monday to Saturday except for public vacations and Sunday. There are 5 section including Management squad where all the wood is process by modeling, determining, routing to finally do out a all right quality furniture. Below are some of the figures of wood procedures that are done in the mill.Chapter 4: Consequence AND DISCUSSION4.0 Independent samples T-test on Total dust for sanding and routing.The sum suspended atoms informations collected for routing and sanding procedures in the two Stationss was analyzed utilizing SPSS for independent samples T-test on Total dust for the two independent variables, sanding and routing. The chief intent of running the information utilizing T-test is tests the significance of the difference between t he two sample agencies. Hypothesiss: Nothing: the mean of two group are non significantly different Surrogate: the agencies of the two group are significantly different T-Test Based on Table 4.1, the average value of 1.6645mg/m3 for sanding procedures is higher than 1.5051mg/m3 from routing procedures. This means that on norm, sanding procedure output higher entire dust concentration than routing procedure in 17 workers from both Stationss. Therefore based on the average consequences, the void hypotheses is accepted. Table 4.1: Group statistics for Total Suspended Particles in sanding and routing.StationNitrogenMeanStandard DeviationStandard Error MeanSum Suspended AtomsRouting171.5051.92566.22451Sandpapering171.6645.74017.17952T-Test for Total suspended atoms. Premises: 1: Sanding and routing procedures have about equal discrepancy on the dependent variables. 2: Sanding and routing procedures are independent on one another. Based on Table 4.2: The consequences for Levene ‘s trial for equality of discrepancy is that we accept our first premise that is sanding and routing procedures have about equal discrepancy because the value of significance is 0.557 which is greater than 0.05. Therefore the two discrepancy value is non significantly different. Table 4.2: Levene ‘s Test for equality of discrepancies for Total Suspended Particles.Levene ‘s Test for Equality of DiscrepanciesFSig.Sum Suspended AtomsEqual discrepancies assumed.353.557Equal discrepancies non assumedFrom the Table 4.3, Independent samples of t-test shown in equal discrepancies assumed from Levene ‘s trial, it can be conclude from the t value of -0.555 with grade of freedom 32, at important degree of 0.05, there is no important difference between the sanding and routing procedures. The sum of Entire dust produced in the sanding procedure is non significantly different from entire dust from routing procedure. Entire dust is collected from the dust that has accumulated in the ambient air, so it can non be measured specifically from which beginning the dust is coming from. Wind way, comparative humidness and different work undertaking done in same station may impact the motion of this all right dust atoms traveling approximately in the air. Table 4.3: Independent samples t-test for Total Suspended Particlest-test for Equality of MeansTdfSig. ( 2-tailed )Average DifferenceSum Suspended AtomsEqual discrepancies assumed-.55532.583-.15941Equal discrepancies non assumed-.55530.523.583-.159414.1 Independent Samples T-test on Respirable dust for sanding and routing.Based on table 4.4, the average value of 4.4865 for sanding procedures is higher than 2.7509 from routing procedures. This mean on norm, repirable dust on workers is higher in the sanding processes than routing procedures. Table 4.4: Group statistics for respirable dust on sanding and routing procedure.PersonNitrogenMeanStandard DeviationStandard Error MeanRespirableSandpapering174.48651.83743.44564Routing172.7509.81998.19887Based on table 4.5, for respirable dust, the two groups that is sanding and routing has about equal discrepancy for the two dependent variables. And the consequence shows that the important value is greater than 0.05 which is 0.260 which means that they are non significantly different. Table 4.5: Levene ‘s Test for equality of discrepancies for Respirable dustLevene ‘s Test for Equality of DiscrepanciesFSig.RespirableEqual discrepancies assumed1.316.260Equal discrepancies non assumedIn table 4.6, through Levene ‘s trial that the discrepancies are about equal, t value of 3.557 with 32 grade of freedom, at 0.05 important degree, it shows that there is important different in the sum of repirable dust from routing and sanding procedure. Respirable dust is the sum of dust measured in the take a breathing zone of the workers, which means it can mensurate the sum of dust that is inhaled into the lung by take a breathing the air indoors. This is an of import indicant to demo how much different wood working procedure produces different consequence on workers. Table 4.6: Independent samples t-test for Respirable dustt-test for Equality of MeansTdfSig. ( 2-tailed )Average DifferenceStd. Error DifferenceRespirable dustEqual discrepancies assumed3.55732.0011.73559.48800Equal discrepancies non assumed3.55722.130.0021.73559.488004.2 Mann-Kendall Trend analysis of entire dust.Wood dust informations collected during 3 hebdomads of monitoring is divided into two Stationss of wood procedure, that is wood sanding and routing procedure. The entire dust collected for 3 hebdomads is tested to see the correlativity between the clip puting and variables for sanding and routing procedure. Based on table 4.7, the Mann-Kendall tau correlativity coefficient is 0.603. This positive value show an increasing tendency to Total dust value for sanding station. Table 4.7: Mann Kendall analysis for correlativity trial entire dust station1.Kendall ‘s tau Correlation TestUS Geological Survey, 2005Datas set: Example Totaldust values – Mann-Kendall trial, input type 4The tau correlativity coefficient is 0.603S = 82.omega = 3.337P = 0.0008The relation may be described by the equation:Y = 0.43264 + 0.1206 * TenTo back up this consequence, based on figure 4.1, it can be seen that there is a important addition for the 2nd hebdomad ( 14th Dec to 19th Dec 09 ) during this clip period, the concentration of entire dust rise from 1.995 mg/m3 to 2.175mg/m3 ) . For the undermentioned hebdomad, 21st Dec 09 to 26th Dec 09, there is a crisp addition in twenty-four hours 4 of reading, on the 23rd Dec 09, the value recorded was 3.804 mg/m3. This unusual reading may come as a consequence of the air current velocity, weave way and sum of wood being sanded throughout the twenty-four hours. There is a lessening of 2.286 mg/m3 for the last two twenty-four hours of monitoring. The sums of wood dust concentration have decrease due to alter in air current velocity and comparative humidness in the ambiance. High value of comparative humidness can do the air going more concentrated with the dust atoms and when the air current blows, it carries the dust around the ambient air inside the mill. Another factor that contributes to the high emanation of dust in the sanding procedure at station 1 in the 3rd hebdomad of monitoring is due to the usage of machines particularly the usage of two sanding maestro machine which is operated at different velocity and due to the different sum of dust generated by different wood usage, its difficult to command the emanation of dust manually by utilizing vacuity or brushing the floor. This may therefore even do the work topographic point dustier and difficult to maintain it clean. Based on table 4.8: the Mann-Kendall tau correlativity coefficient is 0.691. This positive value shows an increasing tendency for entire dust in station 2. Meanwhile, at 0.05 assurance interval, chance of 0.0001 which means there is important difference in the value of wood dust in station 2 reading every bit good. Table 4.8: Mann Kendall analysis for correlativity trial on Entire dust station 2Kendall ‘s tau Correlation TestUS Geological Survey, 2005Datas set: Example Totaldust values – Mann-Kendall trial, input type 4The tau correlativity coefficient is 0.691S = 94.omega = 3.831P = 0.0001The relation may be described by the equation:Y = 0.74132 + 0.1287 *TenThe graph shown in Figure 4.2 is monitored in station 2. The graph shows a positive increase in hebdomad 1, hebdomad 2 and hebdomad 3 of monitoring. In hebdomad 1, the value of entire dust does non increase significantly but on hebdomad 2, there were steadily increase over the whole hebdomad and this form continue until hebdomad 3 where the highest reading is on the 22nd Dec 09, 2.270 mg/m3. The lowest value was recorded in 18th Nov 09 where the reading is 0.561 mg/m3.The consequence shown in the graph comparing to Figure 1 is non as important in station 1. This is because at station 2, the entire dust concentration in the ambient air is affected by the usage of operating expense piping system where it is used to hoover out all the dust generated by machines and in each compartment, there are besides less dust accumulated throughout the work topographic point.4.3 Mann-Kendall tendency analysis on respirable dust.Table 4.9 shows the consequence end product for respirable dust on electrical orbital sanding procedure. The tau correlativity coefficient is 0.463 and this suggests that there is a positive increasing tendency shown in orbital sanding. Table 4.9: Mann Kendall analysis for Respirable dust on wood sanding procedure.Kendall ‘s tau Correlation TestEssay Writing Service Fully referenced, delivered on clip, Essay Writing Service.Assignment Writing Service Everything we do is focussed on composing the best possible assignment for your exact demandsTaging Service Our Marking Service will assist you pick out the countries of your work that need betterment.View our servicesFree APA Referencing Tool Create your 6th Edition APA mentions rapidly, easy and for free!Free Harvard Referencing Tool Our free online Harvard Referencing Tool makes citing easy.Free Vancouver Referencing Tool Get aid with your Vancouver referencing with our free online tool.Free Study Guides Everything you need to cognize during your surveiesTopographic point an order now Our experts are waiting to assist you with your essayOur experts can assist you with your essay inquiryGet down your orderNo thanksRequest RemovalIf you are the original author of this essay and no longer wish to hold the essay published on the UK Essays web site so delight chink on the nexus below to bespeak remotion:Request the remotion of this essay

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Civil Procedure analysis - Essay Example Then the judge playing the role of an umpire listens to both the parties, and gives a fair verdict. This is contrary to the inquisitorial model of dispute resolution and in this case the judge does not ask independent questions (Langbein, 1985). It is up to both the parties to prosecute their complaints and fortifications. There have been some changes in the procedural rules that tend to weaken the judicial evaluation of the qualities of lawsuits. These procedures are used by the attorneys and changed according to what benefits their clients (Molot, 1998). This makes the lawyers a very essential part of the legal system whose responsibility is to make sure that justice is achieved. The civil procedure in the United States is influenced by the positive law however the essential rules of decision taught during the first year in law school are centered more on the common law. The basic difference between the two is in the materials that contain the legal rules. This makes it difficult for a first year student to outrank the common law to the comparatively simpler positive law. The â€Å"knowledge of the statutory law† is considered to be highly important information by those lawyers who are practicing, a little more than the â€Å"knowledge of procedural rules (Blaird, 1978) The civil procedure should have some essential traits, the justice must be provided in less time However, the way that disputes are resolved in the United States does not fulfill the purpose of ‘speedy and inexpensive’ with the number of lawyers involved and a national trend of judicial resolution of things which other societies resolve using political and administrative ways. (Gary, 1997) The outer limits of the civil procedure are defined by the constitutional law. The constitution limits the subject matter of federal court cases, governs the effect that courts of one state must give to the judgments of the other and

Stanley Fish's Critique of John Locke's Concept of Toleration Essay

Stanley Fish's Critique of John Locke's Concept of Toleration - Essay Example Locke argues that there is no religious support for use of coercion, and thus it should not be used to bring persons to salvation. He also often cites his concerns on the level of hypocrisy, he points out that those persons who are so quick to persecute are themselves ignorant of the most grievous sins that happen around them. These transgressions represent a much greater threat eternally than do the sins that they seek to persecute. In the letter, Locke cites many more but similar religious arguments; he further proceeds to provide three reasons which he believes should provide enough grounds for preventing the state to coerce people into adopting specified religious beliefs. First, he identifies that the concern for human soul has not been bequeathed to the magistrate by either God or humans. This argument borders on the view presented in the Two Treatises to confound the natural freedom and sameness of humans. There is no authority within the Bible that requires the magistrate to commit people to the actual faith and that persons should not agree to such an idea for the state as it is impossible for human, at will, to accept as true what the magistrate identifies as true .Their faith is founded on that they consider as true and not really what they wish. Locke’s second argument holds that as the government’s power is yielded in its force, and religion is primarily about free choice founded on inward persuasion of the mind, then it follows that force cannot be used to compel people to follow religion. The third and last argument identifies that even though human’s state of mind could be altered through force, a state where all joined the magistrate’s religion would not bring additional people to the true religion. This is due to the fact that most magistrates ascribe to false religions. Locke’s view on religion and the state has been respected for a favorable period of time, it is not also uncommon to see modern person relat ing with the very elements of his thoughts. This should not be taken to mean that his argument as detailed in the Letter Concerning Toleration is flawed but it means that just like in every philosophical work owner’s prejudices find their way into the argument (Fish, 1997:2255). This is often exposed by a through look at the point’s advanced and constructive criticism of the same allowing a subsequent reader to identify the areas of weakness. Such is the case with Locke’s arguments, a number of modern thinkers have criticized his argument bringing out weaknesses that seem to weaken the argument. In the following part, this study focuses on such criticism as advanced by Stanley Fish. Fish’s criticism titled Mission impossible: Settling the just bounds between the church and the state seeks to reconcile the two, religion and state a task which appears impossible under John Locke’s restoration argument. Fish’s argument starts with Locke’ s assertion at the beginning of his letter that every church is orthodox to itself and that in a situation where there emerge conflicts between these orthodoxies there would be no one on earth able of moderating between them. In such situations Locke insists on the need for tolerance, however, the problem is that if this is allowed to regulate behavior then the role of government as a regulator of wrongful conduct would be curtailed by those who cite that their wrongful conduct is informed by their

Thousand miles away essay on memorable place Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thousand miles away on memorable place - Essay Example Baku Azerbaijan, sometimes spelled as Baki, is translated from the native language of Azeri. Baku is the capital of Azerbaijan and the the largest city port of the Caucasus region. Located on the Southern shore of the Abseron Peninsula overlooking the Caspian Sea, this city has been host to voyagers from around the world who left their mark on its life and culture. A Herring Gull that flies over this city will see it as a green crescent facing the blue oceanic infinity. During World War II Baku was the main city that Adolph Hitler wanted to target since Baku was the main oil supplier for all of the Soviet army, home to some of the oldest oil fields in the world. The oil-smelling mountain winds would remind this fact to every history-loving new visitor to Baku. This has been the richest city of former Soviet Union, with its vast expanses of oil and gas fields, and the suburbs showcasing white oceans of cotton and large groups of grazing cattle. The famous sturgeon fish that supplies t he whole world with black caviar is another asset of this sea port. The current population of Baku is slightly more than three million and about nine million for the whole country of Azerbaijan (US Department of State). Azerbaijan is a former country of the Soviet Union and got its own independence back in 1989. Baku is very special for me since I spent my first 16 years of life there. With that, it brings lots of good memories of childhood and the beginning by early transition into adulthood. I’ve gained numerous life lessons there but the most important that I’ve gained is to always have a dream, a goal, and not to give up and make things happen instead of letting them go, and to always finish what I’ve started no matter if it’s a short term achievement or a long term accomplishment that striking for. Baku brings me good memories from my childhood, memories of my early school age and my

Current event write up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current event write up - Essay Example Perhaps this is because the couples are law enforcers: in the Orange County city of Yorba Linda. As the chief of Orange Countys Human Relations Commission, Kennedy tracks crimes touching the Black people who makeup only 2 % of the countys populace, "but they are the most frequently targeted victims, year after year after year," (Banks, par 4). The story of the Yorba Linda folks hints on an unknown truth. With the intention of not showing the case on hate crime list, shows that the police had handled case as a normal harm. (Banks, par 6). What followed was the formation of small circles by black people who shared their personal stories of discrimination and the pains they went through. Most of the stories were about problems and the brutality they had with the police. Remember, these are the people they expect to protect them from harm. For instance, Bettys grandson for skateboarding in an empty parking lot was detained by the police. A police officer who said, â€Å"I have not seen you around here before," blocked a man new to Brea near his home. Jona Knight-Hall said she was pulled more than three times in 2007, in her new Mercedes. It was always something like â€Å"Your passenger is not wearing her seat belt properly. She rarely stopped in her old car. Nevertheless, you cannot think of driving an expensive car. People look at you like What is she doing with that? "(Banks, par 13). "I felt totally helpless," she said. She once attempted to file a grievance, which was alleging racial profiling. "However there is nothing that you can about it. People act as if you are imagining things that do not happen in the real world. There have been a lot reported cases on police brutality particularly to black guerilla family gangs. These gangs by no means should not be tolerated. The gangs are made up young black American boys who are very young. The issue is the way police treat the gang members when they catch them. Most of the gang members die in

Frye Art Museum in Seattle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Frye Art Museum in Seattle - Essay Example ..Through different approaches that include product pricing, promotion, marketing, and circulation, Lui seeks to investigate, understand and discuss value – particularly the complex characteristics of value in art – as well as the rules, mechanisms, and politics behind the creation of value.† (introduction to Liu Ding’s Store) It is in light of this intellectual context that Liu Ding’s presentation will have to be viewed. And this politico-economic context adds richness and meaning to what would otherwise be dull, unimpressive works. For example, a prominent painting in this exhibition is that of a huge python whose body is not yet fully painted. By showing only the head and tail of the giant snake, the painter is prompting the viewer’s imagination to fill in the space. This feature opens up the scope for interpretation as well. Moreover, this artistic angle underscores the role of synthetic imagination in the discourse on aesthetics. Coming t o the politico-economic angle, the exhibition shows how method, planning, schedule and intermediary stages supplement the production of works of art – a fact that is often shadowed by the beauty of the finished product. Another painting under the theme of ‘unfinished paintings’ is the Die Svende, which is an elaborately decorated frame enclosing nothing. Far from the conventional, Liu Ding’s exhibition can prove to be either thought provoking or disappointing, based on the taste, refinement and patience shown by the viewer. Ties That Bind: American Artists in Europe is another exhibition in the Frye Art Museum. This exhibition, though, is quite conventional, in that, it showcases portraits and landscapes representing classical styles that evolved in 18th and 19th century Europe. When the dust settled after the end of the Civil War in 1865, many American artists ventured across the Atlantic to learn, assimilate and master the flourishing artistic culture in Continental Europe. Europe at the time was witnessing a peaking of artistic, cultural and intellectual expression, and American artists sought the excitement and stimulus of such an atmosphere. The result is a whole era of artistic production that adapted European techniques and traditions to American talents. William Merritt Chase’ Portrait of a Lady against Pink Ground (ca.1886) is one of the paintings on display. According to Chase’ experience â€Å"each sitter presents some new phase of personality that one has never done before. There is constant variety; constant study in my work† (from accompanying note). Seen in this vein, the portrait in discussion captures the bohemian attitude in the pose and posture of the lady (Miss Virginia Gerson). John Singer Sargent’s Mrs. Frederick William Roller (dated 1895) is similar in theme adapting a mature style of portraiture that captures â€Å"the interior life of the sitter against the backdrops of finely ar ticulated spaces† (from the explanatory note accompanying the painting). The elderly lady Mrs. Roller, dressed in a black gown, standing in the backdrop of an architectural frame, makes quite an impression. The impact on the viewer is heightened by the skilful depiction of the curves of her dress and in the attention to detail given to the room setting. The fact that Mrs. Roller is shown with minimal jewelry and accessories is a testament

Joyces treatment of Epiphanies Essay Example for Free

Joyces treatment of Epiphanies Essay Explore Joyces treatment of Epiphanies in some of the stories you have studied. In literally every of story of Joyce studied so far we could discover one or more epiphanies. This term is generally used as a description of any sudden moments of understanding or sense of revelation. Joyce himself once described them as sudden spiritual manifestations, whether in the vulgarity of speech or gesture or in a memorable phase of the mind itself. I will try to fathom these epiphanies and Joyces use of them in the following. The story I am going to start with is An Encounter, which happens to be at an early stage of Joyces chronological order in Dubliners childhood. It mainly deals with a bunch of younger school boys, who live a rather sheltered childhood in catholic Dublin, reading stories about the Wild West, playing Indian fights, and having parents who go to eight-oclock mass every morning. Inspired by the stories read in their Wild West booklets, Leo Dillon, Mahony and the narrator decide to have their own little adventure and plan a day out of school, playing truant and going to see the so called Pigeon House at the other end of Dublin. However, in the next morning they are starting their journey without Leo Dillon. Mahony freely comments: Come along. I knew Fattyd funk it. When the two boys, after a long voyage, still havent arrived at their destination, they agree to give up their initial plan and just to rest some time on a bench in a field. After a few calm minutes Mahony and the Narrator discover an older man approaching at the far end of the field, shabbily dressed and walking with one hand upon his hip and a stick in the other hand. Having arrived at the bench with the two young boys on it, he wishes a good-day and starts to talk about the weather. Suggesting the boys that the happiest time of ones life was undoubtedly ones schoolboy days, the bores Mahony and the narrator, who nevertheless keep silent. In the following, the old man talks, mainly to the narrator, about literature and, from there, changes the subject to totties. He expresses a very liberal point of view about young peoples lives Every boy, he said, has a little sweetheart. Silence follows a long monologue of the old man about young girls and other things the speaker admits not actually to understands, which implies us that it could be about sexual allusions as the two boys are still quite young. The man stands up and walks to the near end of the field. Arrived there, he does something that wakes Mahonys interest: I say! Look what he is doing and a bit later I say Hes a queer old josser which suggests us that the man might be, excited by two little boys, masturbating just a few meters away from them. Some minutes later, he comes back and again starts a monologue, but it seems he has forgotten his recent liberalism: In language influenced by sadism he states that school boys should be whipped and whipped again, especially if they told lies about their sweethearts, he would give them such a whipping as no boy ever got in this world. Calmly, the narrator departs, obviously worried by behaviour and stories of the old man, and joins Mahony who has gone away, into the field, earlier. Together they leave the place. Back to the epiphanies: the first one we can find is apparently the moment when Mahony finds the old man masturbating only a few meters off. No matter if the boys actually know what he is doing, it is definitely a so called sudden spiritual manifestation: they know that what the man is doing there is strange for them, and it abruptly changes the way they look at him. Although there is no physical threat for them at that moment, Mahony and the speaker feel worried and confused, and one of them even runs away after having seen this. Although directly related to the old mans behaviour linked to the first epiphany, we can find another one when he is back and talking again: the way he speaks and his opinions have changed so drastically that there must be another strange awakening in the speakers mind. We feel reminded of a definition of an epiphany mentioned earlier: It is a sudden spiritual manifestation in the vulgarity of speech and gesture. The third and last epiphany, I suggest, might be found at the very end of the story, when the boys are just about to leave, to finish their day off and start the journey back home: they now realize that they have really find out what their adventure was like: they have met a sexually sick bloke instead of having an exciting day in Dublin, visiting a sight and enjoying themselves. A second example for Joyces treatment of epiphanies could be the short story After the Race. Unlike An Encounter it deals with adolescence, and tells about what happens on a particular evening in paralysed Dublin. Four young people return to Dublin. They have just taken part in a car race, and have won the second place. The group is made up of a French man, a French-Canadian, a Hungarian and Doyle, a Dubliner. Through Doyle, Joyce shows the ambitions and aspirations of middle class Dublin. His father was a butcher, but had been fortunate enough to secure some police contracts and had become rich enough to be referred to as the merchant prince. The father has plans for his son Doyle is first sent to Cambridge, to study, where he first encounters international upper class lifestyle, not the one he knows from Dublin. Studies do not particularly interest him, and he returns to Dublin. Doyle could be called a typical rich son, and he is highly interested in music and motoring. He got to know a member of the racing team, and is now elated to be entering Dublin in the teams company. That evenings Dinner is a matter that causes great excitement in Doyles family, as it shows father and mother that the ir son has arrived arrived in the world of jet-set and international playboys, as they think. However, Joyce doesnt reject to admit that Dublin wasnt actually a metropolis as it seemed to be then: That night the city wore the mask of a capital. The company of the young men is heady. They talk loudly and gaily. And when they stroll along Stephens Green, people on the road make way for them. I think Joyce wants to imply here how much the odour of wealth and internationality are worshipped in Dublin another allusion on the paralysis he finds in Dublin in those times. They team makes its way to a yacht, where the go on celebrating themselves happily. The party continues with game where money is staked Doyle loses heavily, but who cares on such a night? The party ends up with the Hungarian, who unlike Doyle realized that this isnt his world, retired from the game, announcing Daybreak, gentlemen! In this story, we find another way of use of epiphanies: Joyce keeps it until the very end until he uses the epiphany with the Hungarian reminding the team that it is time to wake up and face the realities of a normal day. This shows Doyle that the last twelve hours were just an illusion and that he cant actually cope with the standard of these international jet-setters. He has lost far more money than he can afford and has to realize that he is just a Dubliner and that Dublin hasnt got its place in a line-up of the international capitals. Joyces use of the epiphany is remarkable, as it wasnt to the very end of the story that he effectively used it. For the whole time, Joyce left Jimmy Doyle and us in the imagination that the Dubliner could actually cope with his colleagues until he abruptly drops him out of his dream world. So far we could discover quite a different use of epiphanies in two of Joyces stories: used three times in An Encounter, opening different point of views for the boys of the day and of the old man, Joyce uses, in contrast, only one epiphany in After the Race, which in itself, however, is much sharper and more abrupt. While in After the race the epiphany is used at the very end only, they are spread wider in An Encounter. Both stories epiphanies have in common that they actually always are memorable phases of the persons minds themselves, or in Joyces words, these sudden spiritual manifestations I mentioned before.

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Platos Political Theories Philosophy Essay

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Platos Political Theories Philosophy Essay Plato, student of Socrates, and Aristotle, student of Plato, two of the most influential philosophers to have ever walked the earth, take two completely different approaches whilst talking about the formation of city states and epistemology itself. Plato primarily defined the nature of things in theoretical terms through metaphysics, in contrast to actual terms. Thus by looking to the higher forms he aimed to explain the function of existing knowledge and understandings in the search for the absolute truth. On the other hand Aristotle was more concerned with the actual physical features of nature, for the most part the Natural Sciences. The foremost divisions can be seen in the contrasting opinions between them primarily concerning eternal ideas, forms and causes and their relation to change, and the role of observing and explaining through the utilisation of the senses. Through their different approaches regarding the nature of man, both Plato and Aristotle sought to explain the rel ationship between the individual and society and furthermore the requirement of government to uphold order and stability. Platos ideal city-state, which he refers to in his dialogue in the Republic as the kallipolis, and Aristotles concept of the ideal relationship between the social order and government in an actual city state are contrasting not with regards to the end and purpose which they sought to fulfil, the telos, but instead over the proposed way in which they sought to meet that telos. These differing objections can be explained by the abstract and theoretical ideologies of Plato contrasting and clashing with Aristotles scientific and actual ideologies. To be able to further understand and contest the parameters of Platos kallipolis, we must first seek to understand the bare foundations of Platos theoretical ideology. At the origins of mans search for knowledge is the Theory of Forms that states that every single material thing is in fact a representation of the real thing: the form. Most people are actually unable to see the forms, merely the representation of the form, the shadow. This is how Plato makes a distinction between the material world that us humans live in and the ideal world of eternal forms. His world of forms is not a different reality, but instead an outline by which material objects are created. This can be seen most prominently in Platos Parable of the Cave from book VII of The Republic. Â   Behold! human beings living in an underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light; here these people have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised walk; and you will see, if you look a low wall built along the walk, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets.'(514A-B The Republic) The prisoners watch the shadows projected on the wall and begin to attribute forms to these shadows, the shadows are as close to viewing reality that these ordinary men will get to viewing reality. He then goes on to say that a philosopher is much like a prisoner who freed from the cave comes to realise and understand that in fact the shadows on the cave wall are not constitutive of reality at all, for they are now able to recognize the true form of reality instead of the simple shadows that the prisoners see. From this Plato explains that our senses cannot be trusted when observing and goes on to conclude that the only way of realising absolute truth is through reason. This ability to recognise and understand the true forms of things is the central concept that establishes who holds the ruling powers in his kallipolis. After having determined that it was in fact possible to form an ideal city state, Plato then looks to chose a government that would rule both justly and firmly. Firstly he discusses the reasons for which people would desire to form a state and keep within its rules. Plato states that it is not the desire of man to form a state, instead it is an inevitable need of man, for man is not self sufficient and therefore needs to live in an organised society, and that each person has a natural talent for a certain area of work and should seek to develop it further for the benefit of the state. Plato embodies the natural inequality of humanity, the origin of the state, in the division of labour. Well then, how will our state supply these needs? It will need a farmer, a builder, and a weaver, and also, I think, a shoemaker and one or two others to provide for our bodily needs. So that the minimum state would consist of four or five men. (369d The Republic) He then goeson to say that the necessity to divide labour with accordance to specializations was prescribed by nature rather than decided by man. Because Platos state is based almost entirely on abstract ideas of both knowledge and nature, his approach to politics and government itself is more theoretical than actual. Therefore if a city seeks to uphold stability it must be ruled by those that are in possession of true knowledge, philosopher kings. Aristotle has objections to the very foundation of Platos kallipolis. Due to his more grounded approach more actual than theoretical in nature, Aristotle argues that man does not seek to make a state simply because it is essential due to man not being self sufficient, instead it is because of an innate instinct. He goes on to argue that the state in fact existed in nature before it was discovered by man, and that a human being is by nature a political animal, and anyone who is without a city-state'(1253a Politics)is not a man. Even in mans most primitive form, mans nature forces him to realise his role within a given city, or polis. It is in fact mans self preservation instincts that directs to the organization of the masses, attempting to avoid conflict. Thus politics through a formal government was a means by which to resist chaos: it is not as Plato believes a thing of forms, rather it is an innate instinct of man. Platos kallipolis had within it ideas of a strong unified community and conformity. Aristotle states that Platos assumption that the people can be as unified as he believes they must be in his kallipolis is entirely unrealistic. He rejects complete uniformity and conformity, describing the potential dangers in terms of the relationships between the state and the household, and the household and the individual, arguing that the more uniform a city state is, the more it will resemble a household and eventually even an individual. He goes on to conclude that a city-state is not a natural unity in the way some people say it is, and that what has been alleged to be the greatest good for the city-states destroys them. (Politics 1261b). When man is responsible for his own crops and home within a community, the effort and pride placed into the upkeep of them is massive. However in a community where there are a lot of shared goods very little effort is put in, because the thought that someon e else is attending to it makes them neglect it the more (Politics 1261b 30) and ultimately the city state is reliant upon a broad variety of people and services. The differences between Plato and Aristotles ways which they select their governments rullers an be attributed in part to Aristotles outright rebuffal of the kallipolis. Plato states that for a city to be ideal it has to be just and good, and that goodcan only be realised if the city is lead by people able to see the true forms of things and understand true knowledge. Ultimately philosophers must become kings, or kings must become philosophers, known as the guardian class. The rules selected by these guardian kings would be enforced by the Auxiliaries class, men of courage and intelligence, whilst the majority of people would make up the lower end of society, the producer class. His kallipolis is best described as an aristocracy, something Aristotle greatly disagrees with as he rejects the idea that those elite few with absolute truth will be the rulers of governments. Aristotle instead seeks to create a perfect relationship between the government and social order, looking most prolifically at balance when determining where the power of government would lie, whether it be in the hands of few or the masses. First he looked at whether or not the proposed leaders would govern for their own self interests or for good of the polis, separating the candidates into the three parts of the city state: the very rich, the very poor; and , third, those in between these. (Politics 295b) Aristotle determined that the poor do not know how to rule, but only how to be ruled in the way slaves are ruled'(Politics 295b) and that the rich do not know how to be ruled in any way, but only know how to rule as masters rule. (Politics 295b) Aristotle then goes on to determine that the middle class should form the ruling body because it reduces the chances of divisions because the middle do not desire other peoples property as the poor do, nor do other people desire theirsAnd because they are neither plotted against nor engage in plotting. (Politics 295b). Comparing the two proposed city states and governments it is clear that there is more to Aristotles objections to the parable of the cave: it is not just regarding the matter of the elite few being masters of the slaves that are the masses, but how the actual power is obtained. Plato believed that man could achieve absolute truth only by consideration of the eternal forms, not through observations and experiences. Aristotle instead shifted away from this view and instead used observations and experiences to pursue his goal of achieving knowledge. Famously Aristotle is thought of as the father of biology, his great encyclopaedia of knowledge and observations still influence the academics of today. Because the world is constantly changing, Aristotle determined that absolute knowledge is not possible, a stark contrast to Platos views, believing that through observing the material things, one could understand its underlying form. I personally believe that Aristotles way of viewing things is more effective simply because it is more realistic and down to earth, he is not always thinking of hypothetical forms like Plato, instead he is observing their real embodiments and coming to conclusions.