Coral Reefs and How We Can Save Them Essay - 999 Words

INTRODUCTION Coral reefs are underwater arrangements made from calcium-carbonated substances, which are released by corals. Coral reefs are gatherings of small and large organisms, which are found in marine waters that contain scarce nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. The polyps belong to group of animals’ known as Phylum Cnidaria, which in turn secrete hard carbonate exoskeletons, which support and protect their bodies. Reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated waters (â€Å"NOAA and CoRIS†). Shallow water corals that live in warm water often have another source of food, the zooxanthellae. These specific single-celled algae practice a process†¦show more content†¦This phenomenon that is very interesting to researchers due to the fact it happens only on a particular night every year (The Ocean Portal Team). Moreover, once the larva is released and roaming on its own it needs to constantly find light in order to survive. They remain swimming towards to surface where they live for few days to even weeks, by this time if the larvae is not eaten by roaming predators the larvae then makes its descent to the ocean floor where it must find a hard surface to attach themselves. Furthermore, the attached planula now metamorphasizes into a coral polyp begins to divide itself through as sexual budding and making genetic copies of itself and eventually a coral colony is formed. Once, completely formed the cycle will then repeat itself. However, corals can also only go through asexual reproduction yielding in solitary polyps or vast colonies that are identical to each other. They go through budding or fragmentation, a cause of this as result of natural disturbances such as a storm or through being struck by fishermen. Coral reefs are sometimes called â€Å"rainforests of the sea† due to the fact that they are a habitat that holds such a diverse amount of aquatic organisms. Furthermore, coral reefs occupy less than 0.1% of the world’s ocean surface; however, they do provide 25% of all marine species.Show MoreRelatedThe Great Barrier Reef ( Environmental Lens )1401 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Barrier Reef (Environmental Lens) The Great Barrier Reef is a vast organic structure that has existed longer than man. It has always been present underneath the water surface near the coast of Australia, harboring many different types of sea creatures. Over the past few decades, the reef has slowly been dying. Humans have been negatively affecting it for a while now, although they may not have known it at that time. We, as humans, have the duty to correct our mistake and take responsibilityRead MoreCoral Reefs : A Study From National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration923 Words   |  4 Pagesour eyes we see a beautiful, diverse, colorful reef that adds beauty to the ocean and to the fishes. Others see a peaceful bed for the oceans floor. Creature on the other hand see a shelter, and protection from people or bigger animals that lurk for their pray. Coral reefs aren’t made for its scenery, but as an ecosystem for many plants and animals. They do not only help the animals but serve to people as important so urces of income, food, protection, and new medicines of mankind. Coral reefs are lessRead MoreThe Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico1430 Words   |  6 Pagesthink of is coral reefs. You don’t even think of it as place to go surfing. If you ask a surfer what a reef is, they would probably say something that gets in my way while surfing. Reefs being either large or small, have grown for over thousands of years. The build-up of limestone or calcite have given way to magnificent structures that many marine animals call home (Science). Reefs are communities in the ocean where more than hundreds of different ocean species live (Moran). These reefs in the oceanRead More Coral Reefs Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesCoral Reefs Coral reefs are arguably the world’s most beautiful habitats. Coral reefs have been called the rainforests of the oceans, because of the rich diversity of life they support. Scientists have not yet finished counting the thousands of different species of plants and animals that use or live in the coral reef. There are three types of coral reefs: fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and atolls. Fringing reefs are located close to shore, separated from land by only shallow water. Barrier reefsRead More The Coral Reefs Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesThe Coral Reefs Can we save â€Å"Tropical Rain Forests of the Ocean†? Anyone who’s ever scuba dived at a coral reef and seen the perfect handprint of dead coral can appreciate how fragile and delicate this ecosystem is. Coral reefs are not just rock, like some people believe, but are an animal. Corals are a type of animal called a polyp, the simplest of predators that eat meat in the form of drifting zooplankton†¦all corals have boarders, zillions of microscopicRead MoreCoral Reefs : A Study From National Oceanic And Atmospheric Administration983 Words   |  4 Pagessome, diverse, and colorful reefs add beauty to the ocean and to the fish. Others see coral reefs as peaceful beds on the ocean s floor. Creatures, on the other hand, see a shelter and protection from people or bigger larger that lurk for their prey. Coral reefs aren’t made for their scenery, but as ecosystems for many plants and animals. They do not only help the animals, but serve as important sources of income, food, protection, and new medicines for mankind. Coral reefs are less than one percentRead MoreCoral Reefs : How We re Growing Baby Corals971 Words   |  4 PagesKristen Marhaver: How we’re growing baby corals to rebuild reef Many people may describe their jobs as difficult and strenuous, but as Kristen Marhaver said â€Å"people aren t the only ones in our communities who do these difficult jobs†. Coral reefs take on similar jobs as humans, they provide food for sea life, income, and safety from tropical storms and other possibly dangerous weather. In Marhaver talk she informed the audience about the basics of coral reefs however, her talk lacked purpose, andRead MoreThe Endangerment Of Coral Reefs1685 Words   |  7 Pagesof Coral Reefs When people, tourists especially, ask themselves what is one of the most memorable moments they have experienced in the Florida Keys, the first thing that comes to mind is the ocean. Not only the ocean in general, but what is beyond, or in other words, â€Å" what is beneath?†. Far in the aquamarine water there is another world that people do not even know about, where many different species of life come together and form a place of peace and beauty. This world is called a coral reefRead MoreEssay on Aquatic Ecosystems: Coral Reefs1178 Words   |  5 Pagessurvival as a species, we do need to consider how these changes effect our needs and our ability to continue to sustain life as we know it. As our oceans warm, ecosystems within the ocean warm and change, too. And whether the change is a normal one by Earths standards, or man made, these ecosystems affect our species in a major way. Coral reefs, for example, may seem insignificant to the majority of people who donâ₠¬â„¢t live near the coast of any continent, but provide so much to us that we need to focus moreRead MoreThe Great Coral Grief : David Attenborough1665 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Coral Grief: David Attenborough, a well-known naturalist, introduce us to our modern day â€Å"Darwin,† J.E.N. Veron, a former chief scientist whom is the world’s greatest scientific authorities on corals and coral reefs. Veron who has lived and worked on the Great Barrier Reef for most his life has discovered over 20 percent of the known coral species today. And today, he gives us an insight on why the earth’s reefs face a likely mass extinction within the lifespan of the younger generation

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott B. Fitzgerald - 1635 Words

a Both authors used the setting, time period, and the characters’ dialects to distinguish their ideas. b Hurston categorizes her characters by their social status (wealthier characters use proper words, unlike the poor, who use more vulgar and improper English). This lets the reader know the differences between each social economic group. c Fitzgerald depicts each of his characters’ personalities by their actions through their social status. The characters who are upper class are aware of their speech, unlike those whom are lower class that do not think before they talk. 2. Compare the use of first person narration of the protagonist in Their Eyes Were Watching God to the use of first person narration of a secondary character in The Great Gatsby. What is the effect of having Nick tell Gatsby’s story versus Janie telling her own? Is Nick a reliable narrator? Is Janie? a While Janie tells her own perspective of her American Dream, Nick is under the impression of admiration towards Gatsby’s American Dream. 3. How are women able to express power in each novel? a The women in both novels were able to express power by rebelling against social expectations of women back then 4. Compare Fitzgerald’s and Hurston’s attitudes towards following one’s dreams. a Both authors depict the wealthy characters to be dreamers who have no sentimental goals but to be wealthier, which contrasts with the image of the poor characters who are after a dream that they dreamt with their hearts.Show MoreRelated F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby as Criticism of American Society 1734 Words   |  7 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald criticizes American society in the 1920?s for its tendencies to waste, advertise, form superficial relationships, and obsess over appearances. The work has been praised for both its brutal realism and its keen depiction of the age that The New York Times referred to as the era when, gin was the national drink and sex was the national obsession(Fitzgerald vii).   . . . indifference is presented as a moral failure - a failure of society, particularlyRead MoreIllusion and Reality in The Great Gatsby Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesand Reality in The Great Gatsby  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a novel about one mans disenchantment with the American dream. In the story we get a glimpse into the life of Jay Gatsby, a man who aspired to achieve a position among the American rich to win the heart of his true love, Daisy Fay. Gatsbys downfall was in the fact that he was unable to determine that concealed boundary between reality and illusion in his life.      The Great Gatsby is a tightly structuredRead MoreThe Great Gatsby : An American Nightmare1226 Words   |  5 PagesAlex Joo Mr. Shaffer ENG4U1 January 8th, 2015 The Great Gatsby: an American Nightmare At the end of the day everyone ends up in the same place—six feet under. By then, many end up having lived fulfilling lives and die with no regrets. Far too many do not. The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, presents the issue in pursuing the impossible: the American Dream. A dream in which all are â€Å"able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable† (Adams 215). Unfortunately, the latterRead MoreLiterary Research Paper: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott1100 Words   |  5 PagesLiterary Research Paper: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald is known as America’s great novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby is a classic piece of American fiction. It is a novel of triumph and tragedy, noted for the remarkable way Fitzgerald captured a cross-section of American society.†(Cliffsnotes Editor) The novel is set in New York City, more specifically in long island; East Egg and West Egg, during the prohibition era in the 1920’s and was then publishedRead More Importance of Nick Carraway, Narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby1044 Words   |  5 PagesNarrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby   Ã‚   In The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the narrator, Nick Carraway, tells a story in which Jay Gatsby tries to attain happiness through wealth.   Even though the novel is titled after Gatsby, Nick analyzes the actions of others and presents the story so that the reader can comprehend the theme. Throughout the novel, Nick is the vehicle used to gather all of the pieces together to learn about Gatsby.   Nick isRead More Failure and the Degeneration of America in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby1042 Words   |  5 Pages   The Great Gatsby is a bold and damning social commentary of America which critiques its degeneration from a nation of infinite hope and opportunity to a place of moral destitution. The novel is set during the Roaring Twenties, an era of outrageous excesses, wild lavish parties and sadly, an era of regret and lost potential. As the audience, they take us on a journey guided and influenced by the moral voice of Nick Carraway, a character who is simultaneously enchanted andRead More Pursuit of the American Dream in Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman1323 Words   |  6 PagesComparing the Pursuit of the American Dream by Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman (Essay outline also included in the word count.) People from all around the world have dreamed of coming to America and building a successful life for themselves. The American Dream is the idea that, through hard work and perseverance, the sky is the limit in terms of financial success and a reliable future. While everyone has a different interpretation of the American Dream, some people use it as an excuse to justifyRead More Fitzgerald and Short Story Writing Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesFitzgerald and Short Story Writing Although Fitzgerald today is usually considered a novelist, in his lifetime he was more well-known for his short stories. He was a prolific writer of short stories, and published around 160 of them (Bruccoli xiii). Many literary critics often separate â€Å"Fitzgerald the novel writer† from â€Å"Fitzgerald the short story writer†. In his own life, Fitzgerald felt somewhat of a disconnection between his ‘literary’ career as a novelist and his more professionalRead MoreSophia Diep . Mrs. Ploeger . English 3, P. 6. 8 March 2017.1197 Words   |  5 PagesP. 6 8 March 2017 The Great Gatsby Character Analysis Essay Outline Thesis: In The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald shows the corruption of material wealth through the empty life of Daisy Buchanan. I. F. Scott Fitzgerald weaves white and yellow to present a contrast between Daisy s purity and her actual corruption by materialism. A. Daisy is associates with the color of white, from her young age to now, she dressed in white, and had a little white roadster (Fitzgerald 40). 1. Daisy s car wasRead More The American Dream in Of Mice and Men, The Great Gatsby, Two Kinds, and Sophistication1537 Words   |  7 PagesSteinbeck, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Two Kinds writer by Amy Tan, and in â€Å"Sophistication† by Sherwood Anderson. Working hard is the key to success. This struggle for success is most commonly called the â€Å"American Dream.† The aspect of the American Dream has been around forever and is often the underlying theme in many pieces of American literature. The theme of the American is especially presented in Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Two Kinds

The Literature of the Victorian Period Free Essays

â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Stevenson Book Analysis â€Å"North and South† by Gaskell Book Report Example of Literature Review essay, Sample Paper Introduction The literature of the Victorian period is the synonymy of oppositions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Literature of the Victorian Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the oppositions introduced by this period are to be considered â€Å"vital† as they deal with the major human values. The list of the works known to be the best representations of the Victorian world outlook is very long; nevertheless some works are to be highlighted. Opposition is the core of Stevenson’s â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde†. Its outstanding resolution and the struggle of two forces has become the embodiment of duality. Another works to mention is Mrs. Gaskell’s â€Å"North and South†. Being based on a contradiction the book’s characters fight within the whole book in order to achieve the balance between the opposing sides. These two works do not speak only about the duality of the material world but of the spiritual world, too, which sometimes gives the impression of their insolubility. Both of the books deal with reconciling these oppositions, and their reconcile turn out to have a lot of common aspects. Being so different from each other, they therefore become a lot alike, for the message they are carrying is quite the same: a difference of a person from standard society representatives causes this person incredible sufferings. Both of the books are the fight of individuality against the society and the norms that it obtrudes but nevertheless there is something more to both of them†¦ The opposition between the desire to be different and the necessity to be like everybody create a perfect base for the struggle both in â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† and â€Å"North and South†. North and South† and â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† comparison Essay Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Stevenson’s â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† is a creation of the opposition of two spiritual essences. Basically, it goes about the â€Å"mutation† that Dr. Jekyll’s personality goes through. Through the story of Dr. Jekyll the author talks about the â€Å"unrev ealed† side of the society. The analysis of the deep context of the book brings the reader to the understanding that Dr. Jekyll’s duplicity is nothing but the personification of social issues. Everybody sees Dr. Jekyll as a fine scientist, a rich, respected man. He understands the impossibility to reveal his terrifying and horrible second personality. Society would not have approved Mr. Hyde, nobody would have loved him. Still, Mr. Hyde is a part of Dr. Jekyll. And that is the real tragedy. Dr. Jekyll’s attempts to control his â€Å"personality conditions† with a special drug is an attempt to reconcile these two oppositions that live inside of him. â€Å"Gentlemen like me have to be very careful of what we do or say†, says Dr. Jekyll and indeed he is right. The story of Dr. Jekyll is the story of an unsuccessful attempt to neutralize the opposing sides, as Dr. Jekyll dies. The novel also reveals that the upper society classes do also have â€Å"dark sides† and are not â€Å"socially perfect† as it was put in the period of the book creation. No matter what a person is in his life he still remains a simple human, no matter what a person seems to be – he will still have two sides of a personality, if he cannot be what he really is: good or bad. The society does not allow it and it produces a struggle! â€Å"North and South† Gaskell’s â€Å"North and South† has a lot to do with oppositions, too. The main heroine Margaret Hale has a pattern of everyday life that she has had while living in Helstone in the south of England. This is s story of the contradictions that the girl faces as she moves from agrarian Helstone to industrialized Milton. This is the contradiction between the life that she has known in the South and the life she faces in the North. This is also a fight of the values, which differ in two different parts of the country. The equality of the South converts into the absence of rights in the North. The book also opposes two different feelings of the heroine. Belonging to the class of workers she is against their poverty and the way they are treated at the mill, at the same time she is in love with the owner of the mill. This converts into the confrontation of two different social classes. The insolubility of all these oppositions makes the heroine want to come back to the old ways in Helstone. But when she does†¦ She realizes that everything changes and that her way of life is not the only possible and perfect one. She reconciles the oppositions with the awareness of achieving the balance through having the ability to help the â€Å"poor† people, even now belonging to the upper class. The reader also faces the opposition of the upper class cruelty and the understanding that there people inside the class that do want to be equitable. The nature of tensions of the books It is not surprising to see that both of the book have common aspects and the primary aspects of course the social one. The both deal with the basic Victorian â€Å"discoveries†. Stevenson’s: One person, being a solid creature may still have two different parts, two opposite identities, that struggle for obtaining power over the person. It is the opposition of what a person seems to be, fulfilling the social norms and what he is in reality. Gaskell’s: One country, being a solid territory may still have two different and even opposite ways of life, depending on the part of the country. The â€Å"North and South† also symbolizes the opposition of two different classes, belonging to these two opposing ways of life – the agrarian and the industrial one. Both of the books are definitely a part of the same society. It is a society in its attempt to reconcile from the oppositions that are tearing it apart, destroying its essence. These Victorian works are the product of the society understanding the weakness of its social aspects: class differences, social norms, and its desire to put everything in abutments, which are â€Å"sociable† or in other words acceptable for observing. The society opposes itself in both of the books. Both of the books are calls for achieving balance and harmony; Victorian calls for changing the perception of the world. Source: http://www. custom-essays. org/examples/Literature_Review_of_the_Victorian_period_essay. html How to cite The Literature of the Victorian Period, Essays

Chinese Inventions free essay sample

Title Page China is unlike any other country I have read about; winning a trip to china would be a dream come true! As far back as it has been documented, China has created a number of useful inventions. And, their contributions to the world, in my opinion, cannot be compared to anyone else. These useful inventions and wonderful contributions are timeless. Items such as toilet paper, tooth brush, fork, and the calendar year are used every day and can practically be found in every household.While there are a variety of inventions the Chinese have made, to me, their extraordinary contributions to the society are paper, printing, gun powder, and compass because they have made a huge impact on the entire globe. To begin, I must say, many different items that were used before paper was invented: bamboo silk, papyrus, and parchment. However, these items were not without problems associated with their usage. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Inventions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were varying degrees of surface smoothness, expense, preservation, and storage requirements.By 105 BC Cai Lun overcame many of the limitations by inventing a new writing medium known as paper from bark, hemp, and rags. During this time, the raw materials could be found easily and at lower prices compared to former methods. Essentially, this contribution helped the development of civilization. Another useful invention to come out of China was printing. The first form of â€Å"printing on paper† came from rubbings. The process consisted of smoothing a piece of paper with a brush, the paper was then carefully coaxed into the depressions, and afterwards left to dry with a fan.Anything from important decrees, texts, scriptures, poems, and pictures were inscribed on wood, bronze, and stone then copies were made on paper for distribution. Amazingly, centuries after this invention was created it is still as a form of printing today. As a result, the contribution of the invention enabled the development of the society and allowed for literacy to spread much more rapidly. Unlike the invention of paper and printing, the birth of gun powder was quite an accident.Initially, alchemists intended to make a potion for immortality. As a result, they inadvertently made what we know as gun powder which derived from a mixture that consists of sulfur, saltpeter, and charcoal. Eventually, the gun powder was for enlisted in military affairs. Shortly, thereafter other countries began to follow suit. As it turns out later the gun powder was used for other purposes such as cannons, exploding cannonballs, and fireworks. The useful purposes of gun powder are pretty cool considering the invention was an accident!The compass was also another extraordinary contribution to the world; invented somewhere in China during the Qin Dynasty it was originally made of a mineral known to us today as iron oxide. To look at the compass one would find the needle in the shape of a spoon and pointed in the south, unlike todays compass which points to the north. Records show it was used first by Chinese fortune tellers to give their client a sense of direction in life. Later, it was determined to be a type of navigation. The first known person to use the compass as a navigational tool onboard a ship was also Chinese by the name of Zheng. During his lifetime he sailed across the ocean 7 different times with his trusted compass in hand. What a brave fellow. With the compass in play, it opened a whole avenue for trade, opportunities to conquer lands, and most importantly helped one find their way back home. Without the four inventions we have discussed above I cannot really say where we would be as a society. What I can say is that no one can argue that the course of the world has not changed due to the inventions.As we can see the contributions lent a hand to the development to civilization. The paper changed the course of learning. Printing allowed for the works to be spread throughout the globe. Gun powder changed the outcome of wars and later used as a source of entertainment. And, the compass gave people a sense of direction. All of the inventions discussed are still used to this very day because they make a contribution to the world in some shape or form. For me personally, one Chinese invention I would not be able to live without is paper.From what I have gathered, reading at the time not only required mental capacity, but physical strength as well. Due to my constant need to work outside of the home and travel this would have affected my ability to learn because the former writing mediums would have been too heavy for me to bear. As we know the paper writing medium has made writing useful much easier and faster, and can be found in schools and the workforce even in China where I would like to visit someday –hopefully really soon! Reference: 1. Louvre. Retrieved on June 5, 2012 from http://www. louvre. fr/en

Y2k Computer Problem Essays - Calendars, Software Bugs, COBOL

Y2k Computer Problem The year 2000 is just around the corner. As some people look forward to a new and brighter millenium, others prophesize about the Second Coming, or the apocalypse. While these prophecies may be ignored by many, they might not be too far off base. The year 2000 may not bring an end to the physical world; however, it may cause great havoc to the worlds computing industry. The year 2000 problem (or Y2K as it is often referred to) is not really a bug or virus, but is a computer industry mistake. Personal computers (PCs), mainframes, and software are not designed or programmed to compute a future year ending in double zeros (00). This is going to be a costly fix for the industry to absorb. In fact, Mike Elgan, editor of Windows Magazine, says, . . . the problem could cost businesses a total of $600 billion to remedy(Experts Elgan). Y2K has become a two-part problem. One is the inability of the computer to adapt to the MM/DD/YY issue, while the second problem is the unwillingness of many people to see the impact it will have. Most IS (information system) specialists are either unconcerned or unprepared. In order to fix the year 2000 computer problem and its impact, one must fully understand what this problem is. Back in the 1960s, programmers decided to store the year of dates as two digits instead of four in order to save much needed space and cut costs. So the year 1998 would be stored as 98 and 2000 will be stored as 00. These two-digit dates will be on millions of files used as input for millions of applications. This two-digit date affects data manipulation, mainly subtractions and comparisons (Doomsday Jager). For instance, Joe was born in 1957. If the computer was asked to calculate how old Joe is today, it subtracts 57 from 98 and reports that he is 41. This calculation is correct. In the year 2000 however, the computer will subtract 57 from 00 and say that he is -57 years old. Many owners of home computers feel this bug wont affect their personal computer but its expected that up to 80% of all personal PCs will fail when the year 2000 arrives. More than 80,000,000 PCs will be shut down December 31, 1999 with no problems as workers leave their office for the weekend. However, on January 1, 2000, some 80,000,000 PCs will fail as systems are turned on and booted up (Believe Jager). Fixing the problem seems to be difficult a difficult task, as all applications from spreadsheets to email will be affected. Should an individual replace his current computer with one that is Year 2000 compatible or simply replace the RTC (Real Time Clock), the BIOS, or the OS? Even if the hardware problem is fixed is all the software used may not be adequate to make the transition. The answers to these questions and others like these cannot be answered with a simple yes or no. For one thing, the leading experts in the computer world cannot agree that there is even a problem, let alone discuss the extent to which it will impact society and the business world. CNN correspondent Jed Duvall illustrates another possible problem scenario. Suppose someone on the East Coast, at 2 minutes after midnight in New York City on January 1, 2000 decides to make a call to a friend in California, where it is still 1999 because of the time zone difference. With the current configurations in the phone companys computers, the New Yorker will be billed from 00 to 99, a phone call lasting for 99 years (Duvall). Say a deposit of $100 was made into a savings account that pays 5% interest annually. The following year the depositor decides to close the account. The bank computer figures the $100 was there for one year at 5% interest, yielding $105, simple enough. What happens though, if the money is not withdrawn before the year 2000? The computer will re-do the calculation exactly the same way. The money was in the bank from '95 to '00. That's '00 minus '95, which equals a negative 95 (-95). That's -95 years at 5% interest. That is

6 Functions of Behavior and How to Identifying Them

6 Functions of Behavior and How to Identifying Them Behavior is what humans do, and its observable and measurable. Whether it is to walk from one place to another or to crack ones knuckles, behavior serves some type of function. In the research-based approach to modifying behavior, called  Applied Behavior Analysis, the function  of an inappropriate behavior is sought out, in  order to find a replacement behavior to substitute it. Every behavior serves a function and provides  a consequence or  reinforcement  for the behavior. Spotting the Function of a Behavior When one successfully identifies the function of the behavior, one can reinforce an alternate, acceptable behavior that will replace it. When a student has a particular need or function fulfilled by an alternate means, the mal-adaptive or unacceptable behavior is less likely to reappear. For example, if a child needs attention, and one gives them attention in an appropriate way because of appropriate behavior, humans tend to cement the appropriate behavior and make the inappropriate or unwanted behavior less likely to appear. The Six Most Common Functions for Behaviors To obtain a preferred item or activity.Escape or avoidance. The behavior helps the child to escape from a setting or activity that he or she doesnt want.To get attention, either from significant adults or peers.To communicate. This is especially true with children with disabilities that limit their ability to communicate.Self-stimulation, when the behavior itself provides reinforcement.Control or power. Some students feel particularly powerless and a problematic behavior may give them a sense of power or control. Identifying the Function ABA uses a simple acronym, while  ABC  (Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence) defines the three pivotal parts of behavior. The definitions are as follows: Antecedent:  The environment in which the behavior occurs and the circumstances that surround the occurrence of the behavior or people in the environment when the behavior occurs.Behavior: The behavior, what the student actually does, that needs to be defined.Consequence:  Everything that happens after the behavior, including how people respond to the behavior and what happens to the rest of the students educational program. The clearest evidence of how a behavior functions for a child is seen in the antecedent (A) and the consequence (C.) The Antecedent In the antecedent,  everything happens immediately before the behavior occurs. It is sometimes also referred to as the setting event, but a setting event may be part of the antecedent and not the whole. The teacher or ABA practitioner needs to ask if something is in the environment that may lead to the behavior, such as escaping loud noises, a person who always presents a demand or a change in routine that might seem frightening to a child. There also may be something that happens in that environment that seems to have a causal relationship, like the entrance of a pretty girl which can draw attention. The Consequence In ABA, the term consequence has a very specific meaning, which at the same time is broader than the use of consequence, as it usually is, to mean punishment. The consequence is what happens as the result of the behavior. That consequence is usually the reward or reinforcement for the behavior. Consider consequences like the child being removed from the room or the teacher backing off and giving the child something easier or fun to do. Another consequence may include the teacher getting really angry and starting to scream. It is usually in how the consequence interacts with the antecedent that one can find the function of the behavior.   Examples of the Pivotal Parts of Behavior Example 1: Jeremy has been taking his clothes off in the classroom. During a structured observation, the therapist noticed that when the time for art approaches, Jeremy gets really agitated. When the teacher announces, Time to clean up to go to art, Jeremy will throw himself on the floor and start pulling his shirt off. It has now gotten to the point where he quickly pulls his socks and pants off, as well, so the office will call his mother to take him home. The function here is to  escape. Jeremy doesnt have to go to art class. The teachers need to figure out what it is that Jeremy wants to escape from art. The teacher may start taking his favorite toy to art and not putting any demands on him, or he/she may want to put headsets on Jeremy (the room may be too loud, or the teachers voice may be too high pitched.) Example 2: The moment that Hilary is given a demand after group, she begins to tantrum. She clears her desk with a sweep, knocks it over, and throws herself to the floor. Recently she has added biting. It has taken as much as a half hour to calm her down, but after attacking the other students, the principal has been sending her home with Mom, who she has to herself for the rest of the day. This is another function of escape, though because of the consequence, one might say it is also indirectly attention since she gets the undivided attention of Mom when she gets home. The teacher needs to work on slowly shaping the academic behavior, giving her preferred activities at her desk, and making sure there is a home note that helps Mom give Hilary extra attention, away from her typical siblings, when she has a great day. Example 3: Carlos is a  seventh grader with low functioning autism. He has been hitting girls when he goes to lunch or gym, though not hard. They are affectionately referred to as love pats. He occasionally hits a boy with long hair, but his focus is usually girls. He usually grins after he has done it. Here, the function is attention. Carlos is an adolescent boy, and he wants the attention of pretty girls. He needs to learn to greet girls appropriately to get their attention.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business - Essay Example An individual who does not find the above issues aligned to the organizational objectives would thus suffer from lack of performance, at least to what the organizations consider necessary. (Matthews, Zeidner, and Roberts, 2004, 9). Is this therefore a direct cause effect relationship to the emotional intelligence of a human being? Emotional Intelligence – the concept Individuals who do not perceive well and are incapable of understanding and managing emotions are expected to perform lesser in organizations. Issue such as co ordination and group conflicts become more. Such can be harmful in cases where the organization is closely knit and works in small or medium capacity.   Similarly individuals who have the trait of being averse to power and control are also less likely to do well in a highly hierarchical organization. Their performances are more likely to increase in situations of autonomic groups and teams who are given the liberty of taking their own decisions. The asses sments of individual’s emotional intelligence can also be helpful for organizing methods of employee empowerment and training curriculum. Although traits of individuals are difficult to change, the abilities can be worked upon. These abilities are often a reflection of the emotional intelligence of people and hence assessing these factors of emotional intelligence will help organizations to develop the abilities of its employees, which in turn would result in better performance of individuals. (Hersen, 2004, 203) Critical Literature Review In the 1940s, David Wechsler was the first to suggest that associated components of intelligence could play a crucial role in the success of a life of an individual. Later in 1985, Wayne Payne introduced the word emotional intelligence as a concept in his doctoral thesis. Since then it has become a subject matter of many researchers with respect to their quantification as well as the various effects they may have in different aspects of hum an life. However to understand the co relation between Emotional Intelligence and Employee Performance, it is necessary to understand the concept of performance for an employee both from his point of view as well as the organizations’. The study of performance has derived from an organizational need to manage activities to ensure that goals and objectives are met effectively and efficiently. Various motivational theories have also stated the importance of motivation in enhancing the performance levels and efficiency of an individual. Studies on organizational behavior also indicate the importance of social and mental structure of an individual in understanding how the person will adapt, align and perform under the organizational framework. High emphasis is put on perception, values and ethics of an individual. Thus is it very clear that an individual’s emotional quotient is a factor as to how the individuals respond to situations and whether they can perform. In such s cenario therefore measuring the emotional intelligence can be a critical reflective as to the overall performance of an employee. (Shields, 2007, 180) Three main models currently used to calculate the emotional intelligence: Ability Models: Claims Emotional Intelligence includes four types of abilities such as Perceiving Emotions, Using Emotions, Understanding Emotions and Managing Emotions. Each of the above factors represents the emotional outlook of an individual towards his/her performance. An individual who can perceive

Child Development Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Child Development - Article Example According to the research findings cognitive development involves the change in a child’s intelligence, language, thought skills, and patterns, a well as problem solving, while social emotional factors involve the relationship of the child with others, emotional changes, and personalities among others. Biological factors involve the change in a baby’s body such as the brain, weight, and height, which are based on genetic inheritance. The early years of a child are the most important. Generally, healthy development fosters child’s abilities; however, children tend to develop at their own pace, although their development should be closely monitored. From the infancy stage to three years, a child highly depends on his/her parents or caregivers; the child’s biological development is based on genetic inheritance. The brain development of a child enables it to crawl, eat, laugh, or speak; however, this development is based on the parent’s interaction with the child or the genetic inheritance. Genes are transferred form the parents to a child, and therefore, there are similarities between the child and his parents or relatives. This is evident in appearance, talents, and personalities developed as they grow. Each child must inherit gene from his parents, as infant development genetic characteristics are noticeable; for instance, their height, weight, hair color, or eye color may resemble their parents. The quick growth of a child may also be compared to his relatives’ genetics. ... For example, some children can construct a full sentence by the age of three, while others cannot. Cognitive Factors Cognitive factors mainly involve changes in a child’s intelligence, language, and thinking; children are capable of incorporating information into existing knowledge as they develop. An infant may learn how to explore the surrounding environment with his hands or eyes; from birth, infants begin their learning process. They gather, sort, and process information, and as a result, they are capable of understanding their world. In early childhood, a child’s intelligence develops such that their language and imagination mature. The infants begin to learn through focusing on an object, volume of sound, colors and so on. At three months, these infants are capable of imitating facial expressions such as, smiling or frowning. At six months, babies can recognize their parents and their names as well. By the age of three years, a child can begin to be independent by playing with different kind of instruments, without assistance. The child also understands simple words like than you, please and sorry, depending on the parent’s upbringing. When an infant is one year old, he is capable of making different sound such as bubbling. At three years, he can speak orderly words; this development results from learning from the infant’s caregivers. Cognitive development fosters curiosity, problem solving, memory, and attention in 1-3 year old infants. Their surroundings assist them in learning new skills. Parents contribute to cognitive development in numerous ways, expanding the attention time for their children, and therefore, the children are able to explore and learn. Parental listening skills are vital in this

Race and your Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Race and your Community - Essay Example In short they came in search of a better and more profound life both for themselves as well as their children. They came looking for a life style more enhanced and improved than they had previously been living in their original country of heritage. With the passage of time, my ancestors came to settle in St. Louis, Mo. Whenever one discusses the notion of race, it is essential to discuss the concept of community as well. One cannot exist without the other and both are essential for the survival of any society. Therefore, in the same dictionary, the definition of community is given as, "a group of people living together in one place such that they have the same religion, race etc.; and the people of an area or country considered as a group." It is true that communities originally started off with people of a certain background, a specific guild living together such that they either had their professions, color or ethnicity as a common denominator. Such communities have existed in most parts of USA, until recently. With the advent of globalization, immigration of people to the New World from all over the planet and enhanced awareness of other cultures among the local population, all communities have had to undergo drastic changes. My community is also a part of this modern global society. It is dive rse from the past ones in the sense that people of all racial backgrounds coexist in it. However, it is not to say that communities no longer exist and that groups of people no longer tend to segregate together. They do but in a very different set-up. This is because the common denominators that previously made-up a community, have changed. In my opinion the two basic factors that makes up a community now a days is the monetary resources as well as the age group of people. People with high-income levels usually tend to segregate in a certain area of a city whereas those with less income tend to live in separate neighborhoods or areas of their own. The same may be said for people of different ages groups. The elderly of course live in retirement homes or neighborhoods specifically designed for them. Whereas the young people prefer to live in an area with hip nightclubs and a lot of hustle n' bustle, families with small children will instead try to find a safe and peaceful neighborhoo d with low crime rates. Thus communities still exist but they have taken on a new face that is quite different from any previous one. For a moment, picture the community that I live in. Around where I live there are five churches; each belongs to a different Christian denomination, two synagogues, a Muslim mosque and a Hindu temple. The Buddhists of the area gather together at a member's house to pray. This sufficiently shows that people of all religions have come to dwell and live together in a single community and that religion is no longer a denominator for a community. I personally have friends from all of the aforementioned religious groups. Consider the various ceremonies that these different groups follow, "decorating the hands of the bride with Hennna (Arabian), spreading of rose petals (English), jumping the broom (African), bride wearing numerous robes (Japanese), Bride carrying lump of sugar to signify sweet life (Greek) etc. (http://www.slpl.org/slpl/interests/article240109217.asp) Thus, when one goes to a wedding in our community you can be

Optical Sensing of Molecular Oxygen

Optical Sensing of Molecular Oxygen Optical sensing of molecular oxygen is gaining approval in many areas, such as biological research,1 clinical and medical applications,2 process control in the chemical industry3 and in food4 and pharmaceutical5 packaging, to name just a few. The best sensor should be stable, robust, easy-to-use and not prone to electrical interferences.6, 7 Quenched-luminescence oxygen sensing has attracted a great deal of attention and scientific endeavor in recent years. In particular, solid-state sensors holds many advantages over traditional oxygen sensing techniques like Clarke-type electrodes8 as they fulfil the above requirements and additionally have a reversible response to oxygen and can measure oxygen non-invasively without being put in contact with the sample.9 Solid-state sensors usually consist of an indicator dye encapsulated within an oxygen permeable polymer matrix.6, 10 The properties of the encapsulation matrix used, for instance its dye compatibility, oxygen permeability, wettability and mechanical properties, determine the final sensor operating parameters such as sensitivity and response time.6 The selectivity of the sensor is dependent on the indicating dye used. Compounds such as ruthenium and iridium compounds have been investigated,11, 12 however oxygen sensors based on platinum13 and palladium14, 15 metallopor phyrins has been the main focus of many research groups in the past.13 Polymers with high and moderate oxygen permeability have been used as encapsulation matrices, for instance, polystyrene, placticized polyvinylchloride, polydimethylsiloxane and fluorinated polymers.6 Many sensors require an additional support material due to the thin-film nature of many dye encapsulation matrices. The support material improves the mechanical properties of the sensor and aids handling and optical measurements.16 These oxygen sensors are usually produced by solution-based techniques by which the polymer is dried from an organic solvent cocktail,17 or by polymerization or curing of liquid precursors.18 Other dye incorporation methods include adsorption,19 covalent binding,20 solvent crazing,21 and polymer swelling methods (REF US). However, as previously shown in a study (REF US), some microporous membranes materials can be used as stand-alone sensor materials as they have sufficient thickness and light-scattering properties in addition to good mechanical properties and reasonably fast response times to oxygen in the gas phase. Although used in many applications (see above), many current sensor materials, fabrication techniques and polymeric matrixes are unsuited to large-scale applications such as packaging. A sensor for packaging should exhibit high robustness and reproducibility between batches, low cost (less than 1c per cm3)6 and be easily incorporated into existing packaging processes. Care should be taken when developing such sensors to limit the number of ingredients in order to limit their overall production costs.22 To be suitable for food and pharmaceutical packaging applications specifically, the sensor should be non-toxic,23 easily incorporated into the packaging and provide an adequate shelf-life for the required application.9 The sensors must also be capable of being mass produced in a continuous basis. Polyolefins such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE) are common polymers which represent over half the total polymers produced in the world.24 Although the mechanical and gas-permeability properties of PP and PE are capable of oxygen sensing,25 there are obstacles regarding insolubility in common organic solvents and incompatibility with many oxygen sensing dyes. However, some PE and PP-based oxygen sensors have been created by solvent-crazing,25 hot polymer extrusion26 and swelling methods (REF US) that show potential for packaging applications. Of late, non-woven polyolefin materials have been developed for a range of industrial applications including textiles, membranes, filtration systems27 and charge separators in Li-ion batteries.28 These materials are cost-effective, have suitable chemical and thermal stability, gas permeability, uniformity and thicknesses between 20-150 microns.27, 29 In addition, they are micro-porous, light-scattering and have a large surface area.28-31 These membranes can also be modified to improve wettability by grafting the surface of the polymer with hydrophilic monofibres.32, 33 In this study, we evaluated two types of grafted PP as a matrix for fabrication of O2 sensors. The polymer membranes selected for this study consists of PP monofibres bound together by the wetlaid and spunbond method into flat flexible sheets. They possess a high surface area, good mechanical and chemical resistance and light-scattering properties. In addition the membranes have been grafted with a hydrophilic surface in order to improve wettability which is beneficial for opto-chemical sensing applications. Therefore, a simple spotting method can be used to incorporate the dye into the membrane. The advantage of this is the membrane doesn’t need an extra support matrix and the spotting method can be carried out with readily available commercial equipment when it progresses to upscaling. In addition, due to the size of the discrete spots, consumption of solvents and substrate material is kept to a minimum which lowers production cost. 1.D. B. Papkovsky and R. I. Dmitriev, Chemical Society Reviews, 2013. 2.D.-F. Lee, H.-P. Kuo, M. Liu, C.-K. Chou, W. Xia, Y. Du, J. Shen, C.-T. Chen, L. Huo, M.-C. Hsu, C.-W. Li, Q. Ding, T.-L. Liao, C.-C. Lai, A.-C. Lin, Y.-H. Chang, S.-F. Tsai, L.-Y. Li and M.-C. Hung, Molecular Cell, 2009, 36, 131-140. 3.T. Hyakutake, H. Taguchi, H. Sakaue and H. Nishide, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 2008, 19, 1262-1269. 4.A. Hempel, #039, M. Sullivan, D. Papkovsky and J. Kerry, Foods, 2013, 2, 213-224. 5.T. Lenarczuk, S. GłĆ¦b and R. Koncki, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 2001, 26, 163-169. 6.Y. Amao, Microchim. Acta, 2003, 143, 1-12. 7.A. Mills, Platinum Metals Rev, 1997, 41, 115-127. 8.M. Quaranta, S. M. Borisov and I. Klimant, Bioanalytical reviews, 2012, 4, 115-157. 9.A. Mills, Chemical Society Reviews, 2005, 34, 1003-1011. 10.S. M. Borisov, T. Mayr and I. Klimant, Analytical chemistry, 2008, 80, 573-582. 11.C.-S. Chu, Appl. Opt., 2011, 50, E145-E151. 12.Z. Wei, U. Paul and M. Mary-Ann, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2003, 36, 1689. 13.T.-S. Yeh, C.-S. Chu and Y.-L. Lo, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2006, 119, 701-707. 14.C.-S. Chu, Journal of Luminescence, 2013, 135, 5-9. 15.D. Badocco, A. Mondin and P. Pastore, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2011, 158, 54-61. 16.D. B. Papkovsky, A. N. Ovchinnikov, V. I. Ogurtsov, G. V. Ponomarev and T. Korpela, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 1998, 51, 137-145. 17.K. Koren, S. M. Borisov, R. Saf and I. Klimant, European journal of inorganic chemistry, 2011, 2011, 1531-1534. 18.C. von Bultzingslowen, A. K. McEvoy, C. McDonagh, B. D. MacCraith, I. Klimant, C. Krause and O. S. Wolfbeis, The Analyst, 2002, 127, 1478-1483. 19.M. Kameda, H. Seki, T. Makoshi, Y. Amao and K. Nakakita, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2012, 171-172, 343-349. 20.Y. Tian, B. R. Shumway and D. R. Meldrum, Chemistry of Materials, 2010, 22, 2069-2078. 21.A. V. Volkov, A. A. Tunyan, M. A. Moskvina, A. L. Volynskii, A. I. Dement’ev and N. F. Bakeev, Polymer Science Series A, 2009, 51, 563-570. 22.N. B. Borchert, G. V. Ponomarev, J. P. Kerry and D. B. Papkovsky, Analytical chemistry, 2010, 83, 18-22. 23.P. Marek, J. J. Velasco-Velà ©z, T. Haas, T. Doll and G. Sadowski, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2013, 178, 254-262. 24.T. C. M. Chung, Macromolecules, 2013, 46, 6671-6698. 25.R. N. Gillanders, O. V. Arzhakova, A. Hempel, A. Dolgova, J. P. Kerry, L. M. Yarysheva, N. F. Bakeev, A. L. Volynskii and D. B. Papkovsky, Analytical chemistry, 2009, 82, 466-468. 26.A. Mills and A. Graham, The Analyst, 2013, 138, 6488-6493. 27.L.-S. Wan, Z.-M. Liu and Z.-K. Xu, Soft Matter, 2009, 5, 1775-1785. 28.Q. Xu, J. Yang, J. Dai, Y. Yang, X. Chen and Y. Wang, Journal of Membrane Science, 2013, 448, 215-222. 29.H. Boukehili and P. Nguyen-Tri, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, 2012, 31, 1638-1651. 30.Z.-P. Zhao, M.-S. Li, N. Li, M.-X. Wang and Y. Zhang, Journal of Membrane Science, 2013, 440, 9-19. 31.T.-H. Cho, M. Tanaka, H. Ohnishi, Y. Kondo, M. Yoshikazu, T. Nakamura and T. Sakai, Journal of Power Sources, 2010, 195, 4272-4277. 32.R. van Reis and A. Zydney, Journal of Membrane Science, 2007, 297, 16-50. 33.H.-y. Guan, F. Lian, Y. Ren, Y. Wen, X.-r. Pan and J.-l. Sun, Int J Miner Metall Mater, 2013, 20, 598-603.

Product Life Cycle: iPod Essay -- Apple Ipod Product Essays Papers

Product Life Cycle: iPod Development of the iPod: The iPod is a portable digital music player that holds up to ten thousand songs in a small, hand-held device that is lighter and thinner than two CD cases. iPod features a touch-sensitive navigational wheel and buttons, and an intuitive interface designed for one-handed operation. Songs are stored in several digital audio formats, delivering the highest sound quality. The iPod was born out of the idea dreamed up by Tony Fadell, an independent contractor and hardware expert, to take an MP3 player, build a Napster music sale service to complement it, and build a company around it. Fadell shopped the idea around to several companies and was turned away by all of them, except Apple. Apple hired Fadell in early 2001 and assigned him a team of about 30 people to develop the iPod. Fadell predicted that the iPod would remold Apple and that 10 years from now it would be a music business, rather than a computer business. Introduction of the iPod: The iPod was introduced into the market just in time for Christmas, 2001. The first iPod was priced at $399. Apple relied on a hard disk for storage instead of flash memory or interchangeable CD-Roms and focused on promoting the uniqueness of the small size, power, and ease of use of the device. This first iPod had a 5 GB storage capacity—which is enough to hold over 1,000 songs—and it worked only on Macs, using iTunes as a music organization and CD-to-iPod conversion tool. iTunes, digital jukebox software that let Mac users import songs from CDs by converting audio files to the MP3 format and storing them on the computer’s hard drive, was introduced in January of 2001. Along with the iPod, Apple announced an enhanced version of iTunes that included a 10-band equalizer with presets, as well as a cross fading feature for smoother transitions from one song to another. An Auto Sync capability facilitated the downloading of music from a Mac to the new portable media device. Once the music was downloaded, Apple promised 10 hours of continuous play from the iPod’s rechargeable lithium battery. The device supported MP3, with bit rates of up to 320kbits/s, as well as AIFF and WAV file formats. Its amplifier could deliver 20-20,000-Hz frequency response. Apple sold 125,000 iPods by the end of December 2001. During this introduction stage, the quality level of the iPod was ... ...arly 2.5 years, iPod shipments are approximately 1 million units ahead of the Walkman’s pace after being on the market for the same period of time. During the 80s-90s, Sony sold over 300 million Walkmans. Given this information, it appears that iPod is showing no signs of being close to the decline stage in the near future. In summary, I believe that the iPod is still in the growth stage of its life cycle. According to Roger Kay, IDC analyst, Apple is very good at releasing its iPod generations with incremental features which lure in new users and tempt other users to upgrade. Because of this, some iPod users have several generations of the player, and it is probable that mini owners also could follow that course. Apple now has a full product family that capitalizes on the original iPod’s success. Looking at the entire iPod line, the iPod is becoming a platform in of itself within Apple, as essentially a subsidiary within Apple. Based on the information I have read, Apple has many avenues that it could take with future development of the iPod and similar capabilities. The indicators show that the iPod will continue to have substantial success for a significant period of time.

The Rapid Growth Of The World Populations Environmental Sciences Essay

The rapid growing of the universe population leads to energy demand on a rise particularly in developing states. In add-on, due to the limited ability to provide of non-renewable there are a figure of immense challenges that are posed to the population of the universe. This state of affairs leads to the hazard of depletion of inexpensive dodo energy and environmental pollution every bit good as clime alteration. Harmonizing to Loir, there will likely be sufficient oil and gas for this century, and coal for 2 or more ( Loir.N 2007, p.843 ) . Or Edwin Cartlidge reports â€Å" the one-year entire ingestion of energy beginnings by the universe population is about 1.4Ãâ€"1017 kWh, of which the proportion of the dodo energy has accounted for 90 % of the energy beginnings used † ( Physics World 7/2007 ) . Therefore, research workers around the universe have been invariably seeking to happen solutions to diversify energy beginnings and cut down harmful emanations and nursery emanatio ns into the environment and renewable energy beginnings have taken the limelight. Therefore, what is the renewable energy? The Oxford Dictionary ( ) defines renewable energy as natural energy that can be used once more and once more and will ne'er run out. There are four major types of renewable energy: solar, hydro, air current and geothermic energy. This paper will discourse advantages and disadvantages that renewable energy resource ( RES ) brings, every bit good as analysis the importance of RES to the universe ‘s hereafter.2. Discussion of findings2.1 Advantages of renewable energy resources ( RES )The usage of renewable energy has many possible benefits, including human existences and environment. First, one of the most importantA advantages of renewable energyA is that it is renewable. Kernel of RES is derivation from natural procedures so the energy is sustainable and ne'er run out. Truly, renewable energy is truly of import and necessary to human existences when dodo fuels are more and more dog-tired. With the ceaseless supply of renewables, we would experience secure when holding abundant supply of energy to last our planet, our human race and our economic systems, for coevalss and of all time. Khemani ( 2011 ) says: â€Å" Equally long as human life is at that place, there will be earth, Sun, air current and H2O, and the energy from these beginnings will besides be available every bit long as they are at that place † . With the copiousness from many renewable resources and development of scientific discipline and engineering, he strongly believes that renewable energy can run into the universe ‘s energy demands today and tomorrow. Second, another benefit of renewable energy engineerings is that ability of supplying a step of confidence of continued electricity supply at times when it otherwise might be threatened. In some fortunes, renewable energy engineerings can be more dependable than other signifiers of electricity. For illustration, solar electricity systems can be used after storms for response and recovery. Renewable energy engineerings such as generators powered by photovoltaics ( PV ) can provide electricity if the grid fails. Often the Sun comes out in the immediate wake of a annihilating storm. It can take hebdomads to mend the electricity grid and reconstruct power to all clients. If battery storage is added to the system, it can provide electricity even after the Sun goes down or through several cloudy or stormy yearss. Energy is needed to supply lighting, warming, air conditioning, cookery, conveyance and toA powerA all the engineerings in the household place or concern premises ( Parker 2010 ) Furthermore, renewable energy non merely is regarded as an limitless resource but besides plays an of import function to regional development. Renewable energy and energy efficiency can assist regenerate rural communities. For illustration, Wind turbines and solar panel systems can supply energy and supply rural communities with new revenue enhancement gross. Farmers on blowy lands can rent infinite to weave developers, gaining 1000s of dollars for each turbine every twelvemonth. One of the greatest alternate energy benefits is that it is so much better for environment than the usage ofA dodo fuels that contribute to a great extent to issues such as acerb rain, smog and planetary heating. On the contrary, renewable energy has little or no waste merchandises such as C dioxide or other chemical pollutants. Renewable energy systems produce much lower C dioxide emanations as opposed to carbon-intensive fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas while they are being used merely a little sum of fuel during the fabrication of equipment ( Walser 2012 ) . With renewable energies, energy is normally converted from one signifier to another without the creative activity of pollutants. Chandler ( 2006 ) takes solar energy as illustration, light energy from the Sun can be converted straight to electricity utilizing photovoltaic without the production of any pollutants like C dioxide or other nursery gasses. Similarly, air current power energy relies on traveling air an d converts it into electricity without fouling the environment. Therefore, it is obvious that the non-pollution or minimum impacts on environment are the positive advantages of renewable energy.2.2 Disadvantages of renewable energy resources ( RES )Although it is obvious to acknowledge the homo every bit good as environmental advantages of using renewable signifiers of energy, we must besides see some restricting sides from the energy. The biggest disadvantage of renewable energy is that the cost of the energy is comparatively higher than non-renewable energy. The initial costs of renewable energy still do many people ignore it wholly when comparing it with fossil fuel on two facets: entire cost and over the same clip period. For illustration, installing of solar energy H2O warmer costs many times in comparing with a warmer, so they decided to purchase warmers for hot H2O solution. Harmonizing Global Wind Energy Council ( GWEC ) ( 2008 ) reported that turbine installing costs $ 47.5 billion ; by contrast, we merely have to pass a much smaller sum of money to construct thermic power station about $ 2,25 billion ( Shah 2011 ) . He besides pointed that other incidental costs such as care costs and production costs cause monetary value increasing. By and large, it is monetary value that the ground has prevented approaching and utilizing clean energy as compared to the dodo fuel beginnings of energy. Another distinguishable disadvantage is trusting excessively much on conditions conditions and geographic locations to make energy ( Sinclair 2011 ) . Each types of renewable beginnings is merely better suited to some topographic points. This means that you can non utilize each of these renewable beginnings in all locations. For case, when utilizing geo-thermal energy, you must be in a location that provides the environment for geo-thermal energy to be produced. Likewise, we can non bring forth hydro-electric power without holding a fast-flowing H2O beginning, such as a river or waterfall. In add-on, the energy besides brings some inconvenient jobs. Take solar energy H2O warmer as an illustration, it is inefficient because in summer ambient temperature are high and the usage of hot H2O is non needed ; nevertheless, in the winter we could non hold hot H2O due to low visible radiation of the Sun. Shah ( 2011 ) claimed that â€Å" despite the fact that most renewable energy beginnings are more environmentally friendly they may still hold a negative impact on the environment † . He stated that hydroelectricity undertakings can do a dramatic alteration in the development of wildlife and ecosystem along the river and inundation hazards.2.3 Can renewable energy supply the World ‘s energy demands?With the important benefits from renewable energy, we ca n't deny that functions of it are more and more of import. Harmonizing to Pulsinelli ( 2012 ) , despite the universe economic crisis, China spent $ 52 billion on renewable energy in 2011 and the United States was close behind with investings of $ 51 billion. At present, renewable energy contributes about 20 % in electricity consumed worldwide ( Perkowski 2012 ) . It is apparent that the two states, which took the caput in renewable energy investing, have known exhaustively out the importance of renewable energy. Presents , by progresss and accomplishments of scientific discipline and engineering scientists are holding every assurance in bright hereafter of renewable energy. Harmonizing to the study of TheA Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) in 2011, renewable beginnings occupied about 13 per centum of the universe ‘s energy in 2008 and the proportion probably to hold risen. The study besides indicate out that within four decennaries renewable energyA could account for about 80 % of the world'sA energy supply. The statistics are wholly appeared in the close hereafter if we combine four chief alternate resources and utilize hydroelectric to make full in spreads, which makes easier to fit demand. â€Å" The most of import thing is to unite renewable energy beginnings into a package † ( cited in BERGERON 2011 ) . Particularly, in research ( Edenhofer et al. 2011 ) shows that by 2050, geothermic energy could run into more than 3 per centum of planetary electricity demand and about 5 per centum of the planetary heat demand, hydropower will lend about 30 per centum of world-wide electricity supply, air current power will turn to more than 20 per centum and solar energy becomes one of the major beginnings of energy supply with about 15 per centum.3. DecisionFrom all determination above, it is clear that renewable energy plays a function more of import with every passing twenty-four hours to both human existences and environment. By copiousness renewable energy is going an of import solution to the universe ‘s energy demand. Besides, renewable energy besides brings many positive impacts to protecting environment, decreasing effects of planetary heating or pollutions. Despite some drawbacks of the energy, there are besides grounds to believe the jobs will be solved shortly thanks to strong in vesting of authorities and attempts ‘ scientists. The exploiting and change overing from traditional beginnings into renewable energy resources is a favourable turning-point to us. ( Word count: 1560 )

NDP

NDP Current Events "Ujjal bags free ads"ÂÆ'‚‚  - Vancouver Province 02/18/01, A6 ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ ÂÆ'‚‚ This article talks about the NDP's decision to put a hold on the hunting of grizzly bears in B.C. and possible reasons and consequences for the recent agreement. Reporter Michael Smyth states the possible motives behind Premier Dosanhj's agreement to stop the hunt and how it comes into effect with the NDP's future. Smyth suggests that the agreement is nothing more than free advertisement for the Premier, who is in need of major damage control for his party, in a hope to increase there vote count among environmentalists and citizens for a possible future election. He also suggests the NDP was involved in the creation of a billboard that thanks the Premier since it was created by the same company, Strategic Communications Inc., that was part of last year's leadership campaign. Thi s made Liberal critic Richard Neufeld wondered if it was an NDP attempt for more votes.After the agreement was made the Liberal party stated if they were elected they would immediately restore grizzly-bear hunting in B.C. Environmental and animal-rights groups have then stated that would fight to uphold the agreement and convince the Liberal party to do so. The article then proceeds to give examples of the overwhelming power of persuasion of environmental groups where they forced Ontario's Premier to ban the spring black bear hunt in Ontario.

Fredrick Douglass essays

Fredrick Douglass essays He devoted his life to the abolition of slavery; this man was Frederick Douglass. Douglass was born in 1818 in Tuckahoe, Maryland. He was born into slavery and named Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey. Fredericks mother, Harriet Bailey, was also a slave, who worked in the cotton fields all day long. His old grandmother mainly raised him. Lets take a closer look into a great mans life in the 1800s. Frederick Douglass was best known for his non-violent struggle for blacks freedom and rights. Douglass was a brilliant speaker. He spoke all over northern America about the abolition of slavery. After escaping slavery and moving to Rochester, New York he started the first of his two newspapers: The North Star. This was a very popular antislavery newspaper. He also had many conferences about slavery. Some conferences included talks with President Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln and Douglass shared many of the same views on slavery and black rights. During the Civil War, Douglass served as an adviser to President Lincoln. He also fought for the adoption of constitutional amendments such as the guaranteed civil liberties, and voting rights for blacks. During the Civil War, Douglass served as a major stationmaster for the Underground Railroad. He helped hundreds of runaway slaves escape to upstate New York and Quebec Canada. In Douglass later years he was involved in many governme nt services throughout the United States. In 1872, Douglass moved to the District of Columbia where he served as publisher of the New National Era. This was intended to carry out the work of elevating the position of black African Americans. Later he served briefly as U.S. Marshal for the District of Columbia and held diplomatic positions in Haiti and Dominican Republic. Douglass unfortunately had many negative influences in his life about slavery. As a slave for his first twenty years of life he saw how p...

Emotional Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emotional Abuse - Essay Example Furthermore, McDonald et al. assert that seven million American children reside in families in which domestic violence is very rampant. Research findings also indicate that domestic violence in more prevalent among couples who have children compared to those who do not have children (Letourneau et al, 2013; Kohl et al., 2005). Increasing interest in domestic violence is based on the realization that domestic violence causes long-term effects on children and children will continue being at risk even after the separation of their parents (Kohl et al., 2005). Childhood represents a crucial period of growth and development, requiring special care and protection. In view of this, a nurturing and secure environment is vital during child development in order to achieve positive emotional, cognitive and psychological developmental outcomes (Swopes et al., 2013; McDonald et al., 2006). Growing environments riddled with fear and violence stymies optimal growth and development, and are likely to result in adverse effects among affected children (Kohl et al, 2005). Within this context, the detrimental impacts of domestic violence on children can be ameliorated if these effects are appropriately identified and addressed. Domestic violence refers to the abuse behaviour that one intimate partner uses to dominate and/or control the other partner (McDonald et al., 2006). On the other hand, child abuse refers to psychological, physical, emotional, social and sexual exploitation of children (Kohl et al., 2005). Domestic violence threatens children’s need for consistency and predictability in the sense that it disrupts normal routines. Children living with domestic violence also experience the distress being experienced by abused parent. Accordingly, these children experience psychological and emotional distress that is detrimental to their normal growth (Howell, Miller & Graham-Bermann, 2012). A review of literature has revealed the following as cross-cutting effects

H.R.M Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

H.R.M - Essay Example â€Å"Thus, the HRM function positions itself in two ways: as the architect of new organizational structures and work systems, and as coach in management development processes and companion of employees in turnaround processes† (Van Marrewijk & Timmers, 2003, p.174) Organizational systems go through various changes over the years. A lot of factors trigger organizational leaders to come up with innovative strategies to keep their companies afloat especially in a sea of competition with others. Currently, the global financial crisis forces companies to re-think their operational systems as cost-cutting measures are being implemented for businesses to go on. As of yet, millions have been retrenched as unemployment rates continue to stagger. The once dynamic buzz in most offices has been replaced by occasional movement noises, frequent phone rings or for some, deadening silence. However, in some organizations, such is not the case. In an effort to save workers’ jobs, companies have come up with work alternatives that would cut costs while keeping their employees. Mostly it is the HR department that handles the job designs of employees. Instead of fully cutting the ties to employment, some workers have gone to work part time, flexitime, work from home or get into job sharing with some co-workers. These alternatives save the companies a lot of money on compensation and benefit expenses. Aside from that, many companies have adopted the â€Å"Hotdesking† arrangement which also cuts expenses for office space. Hotdesking has emerged as a new term for a work practice that started in the nineties. The term originated from old naval practices of â€Å"Hot bunking† where shifts of sailors share limited bunk space. It is also known as location independent working because workers are not assigned their own permanent work spaces and are just provided one as needed for the day (Gordano Knowledge Base, 2009). Hence, staff share work spaces on

Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Death Penalty - Essay Example in agreement with people of similar opinion, death penalty cannot be deemed to deter crimes’ occurrences and therefore ought to be abolished, which forms a valid argument as supported below. Some of the criminals under this sentence mostly commit the crimes from a heated passion under influence of alcohol or drugs or under an illness and therefore represents a faction who can rarely make futuristic decisions in fear of consequences for their crimes. A nation’s murder rate and criminal behavior can be trimmed through addressing the social and environmental factors contributing to violent crimes that call for this form of punishment. The socioeconomic wellness of a nation must be watched. The highly blighted parts in the United States produce the highest number of persons on death row, poverty and impoverishing cases with a huge number declared to have mental disorders. Most offenders fool themselves of chances to commit crime and escape preset forms of punishment (Cromie, 2013). Therefore, death sentence should not be considered as an option in punishing even the heinous

China Trade from Early 17th Century to Mid 19th Century Essay Example for Free

China Trade from Early 17th Century to Mid 19th Century Essay Around 17th and 18th century, Western countries were extremely eager to reach the profitable Chinese market due to its privileged geological location. Although China had traded their riches with Europe along the Silk Road for centuries, Chinese government were afraid that the sea trade to the south would potentially corrupt their â€Å"imperial kingdom† and further try to conquer the country. From 1700 onwards, the government established a set of rigid restrictions imposing the practice of Co-hong to confine foreign trades and merchants in Canton. However, by late 18 century, the trading system seemed to change. The British commenced the opium trade, which created a steady demand among Chinese addicts and further solved the chronic imbalanced trade. As the Opium War broke out with Britain, China was no longer on the top of the world. The Celestial Empire not only was forced to be subservient to British trading regulations, but also somewhat became a semi-colonial country. The East India Company founded in 1600 that held a monopoly in east India by the British government was rapidly enlarging its global trading influence in China. By sending a company trader to address their concern regarding to the unreasonable restrictions on trade in Canton, the representative James Flint was arrested and imprisoned for being breaking the â€Å"Canton trading law†. This incident showed China’s superior attitude toward Westerners and how they manipulated the trade irrationally in their best interest disregarding the concerns of foreign traders. The growing number of foreign traders in the late eighteenth century strongly threatened the Qing. They feared that the trade with foreign merchants would give the opportunity for Westerners to corrupt China; therefore, a set of laws that was so called â€Å"Canton system† was established. The system restricted all European trades to only one port Canton and foreign merchants were forbidden to abode in the city except trading season. Moreover, the Europeans had to obey the licensed Co-Hong merchants, of who were responsible for controlling the trading behavior in Canton. As a result, these complex and irksome rules created a tension between foreigners and Chinese merchants, British traders especially. In 1792, a British ambassador Lord George Macartney set sail to China hoping to seek the approval of the Qing Emperor to loosen some of the trading restrictions to the British traders. Yet, the letters to the Emperor was unreservedly rejected; the response was fairly disappointing. Emperor Qianlong’s edicts to George III in response to McCartney’s demands on English traders showed his arrogant and condescending attitude toward the British. â€Å"As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for you country’s manufacturers. (105 Cheng and Letz with Spence) Furthermore, in his second edict, he stated, â€Å" But your Ambassador has now put forward new requests which completely fail to recognize the Throne’s principle to â€Å"treat strangers from afar with indulgence† and to exercise a pacifying control over barbarian tribes, the world over. † (106 Cheng and Letz with Spence) He describes foreigners as â€Å"barbarians, which showed how he disrespected all Westerners and measured China as the most superior in the world; other countries would have obey Chinese â€Å"law†. British viewed Qing’s legal code as unreasonable and perceived the Chinese officials as obstinate governance, which further exasperated the existed tension between the two nations. Meanwhile, a network of opium was widely distributed throughout China. In order to pay for the tremendous demand of Chinese tea, silk and porcelain pottery in Europe, Britain and other European nations determined to import the one product which became the factor that corrupted the Imperial Empire: opium. Opium addiction level arose in a short period of time, which affected not only the imperial troop but also the governmental officials. Thus, Emperor Daoguang appointed Commissioner Lin to confiscate opium from English ships and refused to pay indemnity to the British traders. The efforts of the Qing dynasty to coerce the opium restraints resulted in the trading conflict, which had already existed for decades between Britain and China triggered the Opium War in 1840. Lord Palmerston’s dispatch to the Emperor of China was a message to inform the Qing that Great Britain would no longer be submissive. The British government therefore has determined at once to send out a Naval and Military Force to the Coast of China to act in support of these demands, and in order to convince the Imperial Government that the British Government attaches the upmost importance to his matter, and that the affair is one which will not admit of delay. † (125 Cheng and Letz with Spence) The dispatc h simply showed the Britain’s intentions to use force to protect its subjects in China, Canton in particular. After the damaging defeats in the war, the first unequal treaty, Treaty of Nanjing was signed after the War, which awakened China from its fantasy of superiority. In the Treaty, China opened several ports and exposed its markets to Western merchants, which turned the central kingdom into a semi-colonial country. Consequently, the role in the national economy had reversed. China was now forced to obey all the demands in the Treaty of Nanjing signed with the British. China was no longer the â€Å"Celestial Empire†; inversely, it was slowly sliding down from the top of the world.

Ancient Egypt: Old, Middle, And New Kingdom :: History Egypt Essays

Outline I. Thesis: Ancient Egyptians were the basis for many western traditions. Their influences are notable in art, architecture, and religion. II. The Old Kingdom A. Zoser, the first pharaoh.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. built the famed Step Pyramid   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. brought unity to Egypt B. Religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. creation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. gods C. Art D. Downfall of the Old Kingdom III. The Middle Kingdom A. Pyramids B. Middle Kingdom religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. Myth of Osiris   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Similarties between the myth of Osiris and Christian beliefs C. Middle Kingdom art D. Downfall of the Middle Kingdom IV. The New Kingdom A. Valley of the Kings B. Shift in religion 1. Aton   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Akhenaton C. New art form, naturalistic D. Downfall of the New Kingdom V. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ancient Egyptians are considered among many to be the civilization upon which much of the western world's views and attitudes are based. Everything from religion, to architecture, to art has been handed down, generation by generation, to us in the present day. Although many of the ancient Egyptians' traditions have been modified or altered, the majority of their core principles remains constant. Yet, despite the ancient Egyptians' conservative nature, there were some changes within the infrastructure of their society. Throughout the ages known as the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom, there has been alterations to their religion, art, and architecture. Internal forces, as well as outside influences, have molded ancient Egyptian civilization. This paper will attempt to determine these forces which changed the Egyptians. Modifications of Egyptian life were subtle, but noticeable and significant nonetheless. Art, architecture, and religion will be the focus of this paper. Let us begin at the beginning, with the Old Kingdom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Old Kingdom began in the year 2700 B.C. and ended 2200 B.C. The pharaohs, or kings, of this time include the third through the sixth dynasty, beginning with Djoser and ending with Pepi II. Djoser, who ruled from 2700 B.C. to 2650 B.C., changed his name to the more commonly known Zoser. It was Zoser who made the famed Step Pyramid, the first pyramid to be constructed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pyramids were erected for the pharaoh in the belief that it would serve as a stairway to the heavens, and allow the divine pharaoh to reach the Milky Way, or the Nile river in the sky. The pharaoh's afterlife was extremely dependent on a proper burial, as were the afterlives of those who served him; therefore, it was imperative that the pyramids be erected. These pyramids could not have been built through coercion or slavery, for such an architectural feat could only have been accomplished by a labor force of 70,000, and there is no possible way for a small group of rulers to force the people to labor day in and

Benito Mussolini: A Destined Failure Essay -- Italian History, Politic

Absolute power and influence, is and has always been something extremely difficult to obtain, and as we have seen throughout the course of history such authority and control left in the hands of a single person can quickly crumble at their very feet. As with most, this often happens in part by self-destructive means. Case and point, Benito Mussolini, a man who at one point held total power over the entire Italian population; seemingly overnight he lost all control and eventually found himself hanging from the end of a meat hook. Now knowing just who he was as a person, what actions he took, and the decisions he made, some might argue that his reign in the end was preordained for catastrophe. Myself, I would tend to agree with this statement. Nevertheless, let us take a few steps back and revisit the periods of Mussolini’s life leading up to his ultimate demise. The stages of his life in which he was influenced by loved ones and strangers alike. In essence, the moments in time that sculpted the intellect, opinions, beliefs, even ideologies of the man who was. Starting from the beginning and working forward, I want to dissect Mussolini in a way that helps us understand why and how he was shaped into the person he became. How was Mussolini influenced by his father and mother? What drove Mussolini to eventually create and promote Fascism as we know it? Then, with a freshly painted portrait of the man we knew as â€Å"Il Duce†, we can pinpoint the flaws of his being to see what went wrong in, or rather how Mussolini went about, implementing the fascist idea incorrectly. Moreover, with these questions in mind we can evaluate my perceived notion that Mussolini was simply destined for failure. Benito Mussolini was born the son of a blacksmit... ...ists) (Gregor 95). This was the first step of many that would take Mussolini’s small, organized group of followers and himself to their futures as ruling fascists. Once more Mussolini completely reinvented himself and his ideology in the years to come. On March 23, 1919, Mussolini founded the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento, welcoming civilians and veterans alike in the fight for Fascism (Hoyt 113). Fascism in its’ early state spread under the values of nationalism and unity, despite ones class. However, Mussolini’s idea of fascism was not what it turned out to be. He took philosophies and ideologies alike and blended them to his approval. Mussolini’s fascism opposed democratic rule, protected the class system, rejected egalitarianism, encouraged militarization, and demanded civic duties for the states wellbeing; fascism was action and with action came results.

Analytical Essay About Leaders Essay

What is a leader? A leader is a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. There are many types of leaders. A leader can be a laissez-faire leader that lacks direct supervision and fails to provide regular feedback to those they lead, an autocrat that possesses total authority and take decisions upon their own will without consulting those who are following or even a participative leader who has the responsibility of making the final decision but greatly includes the opinions, ideas and feedback of those they lead. Leaders can also be transactional leaders who receive certain tasks to conduct and give rewards or punishments to those under them based on their performance or transformational leaders who motivate followers and increase productivity using communicative techniques and involvement in the tasks they set. Not only that, a leader also has to have some traits that correspond to their types of leadership. For example, transformational leaders have to be patient with their followers otherwise relationships can break down and the whole idea of efficiency is destroyed. Leaders need to be persuasive as well to motivate and convince their followers to believe in an idea or their ability to do a task which they hesitate to do or think they are unable to. As seen in history and many novels, leaders lead differently than other leaders as ideas, methods and perceptions of perfection differ between them. For example, the ideas and methods used by Queen Elizabeth the First differed from those used by Sampath Chawla from the novel entitled ‘Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard’ written by Kiran Desai as well as Mark Antony from the play entitled ‘The tragedy of Julius Caesar’ written by the famous William Shakespeare. The three of them all differed in how they led their followers and using which ideas to do so. Despite differing in many aspects, they all shared some common traits that are the bases of leadership. In ‘The Tragedy of Julius Caesar’, some conspirators had killed the almost roman emperor, Julius Caesar. They did so, giving the false reason that they wanted to rid him of the fear or worry of death. Mark Antony, using persuasive techniques, managed to change the mindsets of the public who believed in the conspirators’ reason into believing that Caesar was a good man and had no bad intentions, which is what the conspirators’ thought. Mark Antony uses persuasive techniques like repetition, false intentions and sophistry. He uses these in his speech at Caesar’s burial to convince the crowd into believing his ideas by first commending Brutus on how honorable he is but then repeating how honorable he is to make the crowd question their faith in Brutus. He also says that he did not arrive to praise Caesar but to bury him which is exactly the opposite of what he wanted to do. Another false intention was that he did not want to disprove Brutus which is exactly what he did by using appropriate facts. Lastly, his speech was sophisticated and so led the crowd to believing that he was superior to Brutus which cemented his gaining the crowd’s support. In ‘Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard’, the main character, Sampath, is a leader later on in the novel after losing his job at the post office where he reads every letter that passes him. He becomes a sort of spiritual leader as he passes on some of the knowledge, both useful and downright senseless, to those who believe he is one. He manages to convince the people who come to him for advice, as he seemingly has an answer that seems meaningful and wise, using persuasive techniques that include loaded language and glittering generalities. An example of the responses he gives to people is when someone asked him if anyone could comprehend all there is to know about god to which Sampath replied ‘‘ Once you have broken the bottle you can no longer distinguish the air inside from the air outside’’ This represents the colorful and loaded language Sampath represents as well as his ability to confuse and manipulate people into thinking meaningless sentences like these have greater meaning and that is the reason they cannot understand. He is also a leader because he represents a symbol of knowledge and religious importance and this gives people something to look forward to, believe in and rely upon. Queen Elizabeth the First was a leader as well when she ruled over England in 1588. She was brave, intelligent, caring and because of this, loved by the people. At this time, England was about to go to war with Spain. The units in concern were the naval fleets of both nations that were about to engage in combat. The Spanish fleet, nicknamed the Spanish Armada, were in comparison to the English fleet, bigger, stronger and heavily armored and this caused the soldiers to doubt their own ability to win and caused large bouts of cowardice. Despite this, the English fleet came out victorious. Queen Elizabeth, on the eve of the Spanish Armada, gave a powerful speech that motivated her soldiers and showed her love and respect for the country. She used persuasive techniques like bandwagon appeal to bring out the desire to belong in the soldiers, rewards that gave incentive to the soldiers to fight, win and return, loaded language to appeal to her audience, a tone of self-assurance to show that she knows the position of power she is in and how she is not threatened by anything on the outside and lastly, the most powerful technique she used was to keep using the word ‘we’ to show how they are all united and how she was willing to give up everything for the nation. This inspired the confidence needed to win the battle. A leader is a person who leads or commands a group, organization, or country. This is what all three leaders have shown, the ability to lead. They have shown this in their own ways and with their own ideas. They all share this common trait as well as being persuasive and adapting intelligently to fit the situation. That is the basic leadership trait that all successful leaders throughout history have shown and that is all that is needed in order to be a successful leader.

Legal week, Lucid language - Emphasis

Legal week, Lucid language Legal week, Lucid language Plain language need not mean dumbing down. Clear, well-drafted advice makes things easier for clients, raising the chance that they will call on you more frequently. The moment you become overly reliant on a thesaurus or get carried away with archaic terms is the moment you risk losing your reader. This is not to say you cannot use technical language or clarify your points, it just means thinking of your reader at all times and making sure you communicate difficult or complex topics clearly. It is all about readability, not just the vocabulary you use. That means organising the structure so that it is logical and straightforward. Complex legal principles are not always easy to convey, but easy reading doesnt necessarily have to mean extra-hard writing. The truth is that legal documents do not have to be written in language which is full of jargon and difficult for the average person to understand. The tide is turning, as law firms such as Nabarro, SJ Berwin, DLA Piper and CMS Cameron McKenna recognise the value of better writing skills and commission specialist training programmes. In fact, Nabarro recently launched a high-profile, firm-wide campaign Clarity Matters to simplify the way its lawyers write. Here are some of the most common errors made by lawyers when writing and tips on remedying them. Mistake: adding in unnecessary words, such as therein, herein, forthwith and aforesaid Poor prose: I herein enclose the contract for the aforesaid book, as requested. Better prose: I enclose the contract for the book, as requested. The herein and aforesaid are unnecessary and make the sentence sound archaic and stilted. Mistake: verbosity Poor prose: Pursuant to the recent communication of the improper proposal that the information be falsified, such assertion could only have been ascertained or appreciated from a full, detailed review of the meeting notes. Better prose: The claim that the information was falsified is wrong. This would have been clear if a detailed review of the meeting notes had been conducted. The author of the first example is more than a little disgruntled. But the message is hidden behind too much flowery language. The second suggestion gets to the heart of the problem and makes the meaning clear. Note that the passive voice is used in the second example to soften the blow. You dont always have to use the active voice, just make sure that if you do use it, you do so consciously. Mistake: using nouns instead of verbs Poor prose: In the case of X, we believe the company is in possession of a structure that would be acceptable for securitisation. Better prose: X possesses a structure that is acceptable for securitisation. Possession is a noun, whereas possesses is a verb. Verbs create action in the sentence which moves the pace along and helps keep the readers interest. We believe has also been taken out as the sentence already asserts the writers belief. Mistake: overuse of the passive voice Poor prose: The role played by the client in the project has been investigated. Better prose: X investigated the clients role in the project. The first example doesnt tell us who investigated the role, creating a very impersonal tone. Using the active voice makes the writing easier to read. It also forces you to say who or what is taking the action, as the second example shows, making the sentence more specific and connecting the reader to what is happening. Of course, the passive voice can be useful where the intention is to obfuscate or create distance. Mistake: long, complex sentences and paragraphs Poor prose: As per earlier correspondence, I have attached the quotes that we have obtained from three firms (a) Hooke, Lyne and Siennker (contacts David Hooke and Franz Siennker) (This is separate to the law firm but forms part of the same group, and also has a different administrative team) (b) Edna Clouds (contacts Clare Edna and Michael Clouds I note you have already met Michael) and (c) Maybey Knott who are a limited company (the contacts there are Noel Maybey and James Knott). Better prose: Following our previous correspondence, I have attached quotes from three firms. The contacts for Hooke, Lyne and Siennker are David Hooke and Franz Siennker. Please note that this firm has a separate administration team, even though it is part of the same group. Edna Clouds contacts are Clare Edna and Michael Clouds, who you already know. Maybey Knott Ltds contacts are Noel Maybey and James Knott. When a sentence runs past three lines, you know you are in trouble. In the first example, there are also too many brackets and too much information squeezed in one space, which can become confusing. The second example takes out all the brackets and sets everything out much more clearly. Long sentences are often the result of fuzzy thinking. So, the first step is to ensure that you think before you write. That means never using the writing process to clarify your thoughts. Consider the main subject areas and issues you need to cover first. Questions are a useful prompt. Then use each heading to brainstorm all the points related to that subject. Knowing what you want to say before you write gives you a fighting chance of building a logical structure. Dealing with technical information The first step is to think about your audience and avoid a one size fits all approach. Use technical language in order to be precise. At each stage pick the best word to communicate your ideas and thoughts. The benchmark test is to think about whether another lawyer or layperson (depending on your audience) would be able to understand instantly what you mean. If not, it is time to go back to the computer and tweak it. It can also help if you try not to think of it as legal writing, but merely writing, which simply aims to communicate effectively. Punchy prose saves time and money and is far more likely to persuade the reader. It may mean a bit of extra effort, but it could well pay dividends. Robert Ashton is chief executive of Emphasis, the specialist business writing trainers.